What is MBBS? | Meaning, Pros & Cons, Subjects, Scope in MBBS?

MBBS

Contents:

1. Introduction
2. What do you mean by MBBS?
3. What is the MBBS full form?
4. What are the subjects in MBBS?
5. What is the Scope of MBBS?
6. Is MBBS degree good or bad?
7. What are the pros and cons of MBBS?

Introduction

MBBS is such a type of relationship where you will only succeed, if you are truly in love with medicines. MBBS is too old professions just the difference now is they are called Medical Doctors and in ancient times they were called Hakeem which means Physicians. 

What do you mean by MBBS?

MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) is an undergraduate degree awarded to those students that are graduated from the medical school and colleges and got admission in medical institutes after passing their entry test.

Then the students who got admission to medical institutes studied about five years of longer duration with a single year of mandatory internship where the freshly graduated practices with the senior's Doctors. 

It is initial practice for the freshly graduated Doctors where the practice how they treat with patients. MBBS graduates deal with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. It's my thought that MBBS is real fun, where Doctors learn about the day to day diseases, disorders, and their pathogens treatment and dealing with patients. 

The real happiness for Doctors is that when they can treat the patients. The sign of relief for the Doctors is when they saw a real smile on the patients face after treatment. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is a time taking the course, but if you fell in love with subjects of MBBS, there is no walking out

What is the MBBS full form?

MBBS stands for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

What are the subjects in MBBS?

Subjects scheme varies from university to university and countries to countries, although some are divided into three subjects, which is pre-clinical, para-clinical and clinical, and some are divided into two as para-clinical and clinical.

But there are a total of 19 subjects that are teaching in medical institutes out which 15 are the main subjects :

1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Biochemistry
4. Microbiology
5. Pathology
6. Pharmacology
7. Forensic Medicine
8. Opthalmology
9. Otolaryngology (ENT)
10. Community medicine
11. Surgery
12. Medicine
13. Obstetrics
14. Gynecology
15. Pediatrics

Other subjects that Doctors have to read are included in the above subjects. They are as follows:

1. Orthopedics
2. Dermatology
3. Psychiatry
4. Anaesthesiology
5. Radiology

What is the Scope of MBBS?

After completing the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree successfully, there are two options for the medical students either started their research in the medical field or going for a job in different hospitals either private or government.

There are good future scopes in the medical field. If the Doctors going for specialization after bachelor's, it will help in ranking up and increases in salary. The medical field is one of the most paid jobs in the world.

• After graduation, some are become a medical officer in hospitals and educational some educational institutes hire a medical officer for aid to students and faculty staff when they needed.
• After completing the post-graduation, a doctor can practice surgery, and the surgeon charges more than that of Physicians.
• Doctors can serve in academic fields but for it they require additional degrees such as M. Phil and Ph.D. in relevant subjects of their specialization.
• After graduating medical students should become a demonstrator for the conduction of practical demonstration to the medical students.
• There is also an option for the medical students to join research institute or pharmaceutical companies etc.
• After graduation there is also an option of private clinics in some countries.
• The Medical field is too vast and most paid full there are many subjects for specialization such a Radiologist, cardiologist, neurologists, and all others are highly paid. And their salaries vary from country to country. But the surgeon is most paid fully in the medical field.

Is MBBS degree good or bad?

MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) degree is very good for the students because of the following reasons:

Firstly there are no any MBBS graduators which didn’t find any job placement. There is a lot of options after graduation for Doctors to become a surgeon after specialization, some become researcher after joining research centers and academic fields. 

Now let’s suppose for those who think that medicine is not a good degree that If anyone, not a gets a job in any hospital either government or private they also open their private clinics such as a most of the graduate doctors open in Pakistan, India and others country but keep one thing in mind MBBS is an only one field which is highly paid a no one is jobless. 

But in other fields there are more chances of joblessness than that of MBBS. I strongly suggested to those students who have an interest in biology and his/her dream to become a doctor. And paying full attention to the studies must choose an MBBS as his /her profession. 

But who are choosing MBBS by the will of their parents, relatives, and friends don’t come to this field because this field is for those who have the interest and come because of their own will. If MBBS is anyone’s dream and having a passion for MBBS studies. He/ she must come in this field because one-day such type of students names must write golden words

What are the pros and cons of MBBS?

Every field has pros as well as cons likewise others professions MBBS also have both pros and cons which are discussed below :

Pros of MBBS :

1. Satisfied with their profession: If you love to learn new things, then the medicines is one of the best profession. Because it depends upon your experience, knowledge of Medicine, and surgery which you have got during practicing MBBS.If Someone fired a doctor from the job but he never dies due to hunger because he should be fired from a job but no one can steal his knowledge and experience from the doctors. There is a famous quotation which is as “ knowledge is only the worth which never is extorted. That’s why doctors are satisfied with their profession.
2. Handsome Salary: In the survey of the US Bureau of labor statistics, that they acknowledge that there are 20 highest paid physicians in the medical field. MBBS is a highly paid profession throughout the world. Surgeons are more paid then, medical officer. Its minimum salary is also enough for happily living lifestyle as in Pakistan the least pau of the doctors. It is about 75000 at the beginning which is equivalent to approximately 470 US dollars.
3. Positively affects patients: The ability to positively impact patients' life is easily the biggest benefit for many physicians. The smile of patients after recovering from the disease is a good return for the doctor's efforts that he did for their patients. Doctors also improve patient's life after curing them of the disease and there is a famous quotation which is for those doctors who took an MBBS as passion which is that "A man who saves the life of one person saves the whole humanity."
4. Security of Job: Many jobs become obsolete as the technology advanced but the doctors are rarely among those worried about staying important.

Cons of MBBS:

1. Make a lot of sacrifices: Doctors work for day-night evenly on weekends and holidays. They make a lot of sacrifices like missing weddings and social events. Doctors make them available at any time either day or night for the emergency.
2. Frustrating rules and regulations: There are many rules and formalities Physicians must follow while dealing with patients. Physicians are a highly regulatory profession. If they did a single mistake while dealing with the patients can make a grave for both patient and Doctor’s career.

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Full Form of DNA | Definition, Role, Function,Importance, Type of DNA?

DNA

Contents:

1. What is the definition of DNA?
2. What are the functions of DNA?
3. How was DNA Discover?
4. How does DNA really look like?
5. What are the different types of DNA?
6. Where is DNA found in our body?
7. What is the amount of DNA present in the human body?
8. What is the role of DNA?
9. Why DNA is so important?

What is the definition of DNA? 

DNA is an informative and instructive book that contains the information for living things to develop, grow, reproduce, and function. Or we can say that DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all the living organisms except few viruses. 

• DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What are the functions of DNA?

     It is a very main component of the cell that is contained by the nucleus so, you know as usual you are going to be taught on starting off with our dictionary basic definition of DNA so first of all what is DNA stands for? It stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary material that contains the control on all the activities of the cell and it contains information on how to reproduce, make proteins, and pass on materials during heredity. 

    We know that cells reproduce by the splitting things, know the splitting things on action called Mitosis, and so it's the DNA that has all the information and steps on how to do this and because remember when a cell is being made the two new cells, has to have identical DNA, identical genes and chromosomes and so it's the DNA that controls. 

     We said that in most eukaryotic cells DNA is contained by the nucleus then we know that in the nucleus is the nucleolus like the tiny little circle and that is what makes ribosomes, and ribosomes are responsible to make proteins so it's actually the DNA that helps the nucleus to make the ribosomes which in turn make proteins.

   So that is kind of interesting how it is the DNA that started all of that and then also deoxyribonucleic acid passes on materials, that pass on the different traits and genes to the new offspring and that is all from the DNA so obviously, the DNA is really important. 

How was DNA Discover?

If we take the time back in the 18th century, we did not have any exact knowledge about DNA. In 1869, it was Friedrich Meischer, who was isolated DNA for the very first time.

1. In 1928, Frederick Griffith gave clarification of DNA. 
2. In 1943, Oswald Avery, along with co-workers, suggested that DNA is information transforming material. 
3. In 1953, the double helix structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson, and Francis Crick and gave modern molecular biology. 

How does DNA really look like? 

    Well, it's like the squiggly like the spiral figure with alternating lines, for that, the actual word is the double helix. so, DNA is a double helix structure and the double helix is also known as just as a twisted ladder, which is made up of subunits called Nucleotides, consist of a sugar and phosphate molecule, which make up the sides like if that twisted ladder was flattened out the sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules and also the rungs are made up of the four nitrogenous bases that actually present in pairs, which are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

    Adenine and thymine always pair up together and guanine and cytosine always pair up with each other so this is the configuration of nitrogenous bases in DNA. If we refer one side of bases so in this case, that would be TCGA, which could be the configuration for brown eyes or brown skin. 

    That is what each DNA part is because there, is hereditary material and it is made up of. so that it configures one part of the body so each cell has that feature let's say a blood cell. Maybe, one of the DNA configurations is for O+ blood and that might be GCAA. So there are all different configurations of nitrogenous bases. 

What are the different types of DNA? 

Based on structure, we differentiate DNA into different types. Basically, there are two major types of DNA. 

1. Prokaryotic Cell DNA: Prokaryotic DNA is double-stranded, circular presents in the cytoplasm near the mesosomes called Nucleoid. Sometimes we find single-stranded DNA found in bacteriophage virus which eats bacteria. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms having no organelles, nuclear membrane, or even true nucleus so how do they function? Instead, they have a single chromosome which is a piece of that circular DNA. Well, all cells no matter what still have DNA that makes the nucleus the brain so that means the cell can still function without a nucleus if it has DNA. 
2. Eukaryotic Cell DNA: Eukaryotic DNA is a double-stranded present that may be in mitochondrial, cytoplasm, or chloroplast, circularly or linearly. The most widely studied types of eukaryotic DNA are indeed may be A DNA, B DNA, C DNA, and Z DNA. 

a) A DNA: 

1. It is a right-handed double helix DNA.
2. The diameter of the double helix is approximately =26 angstrom.
3. The pitch of the double helix is approximately =28 angstrom.
4. No: of base pairs per helix is 11. 

b) B DNA:

1. It was the first DNA, which was examined. It is right-handed helix DNA.
2. The diameter of the double helix is approximately=20 angstroms.
3. Pitch of the double helix is approximate = 34 angstroms.
4. No: of base pairs per helix is 10.

c) C DNA:

1. It is also right-handed double helix DNA.
2. The diameter of the double helix is approximately=20 angstrom.
3. Pitch of the double helix is approximately =31 angstrom.
4. No: of base pairs per helix = 9.3 

d) Z DNA:

1. It is left-handed double helix DNA.
2. The diameter of the double helix is approximate = 15 angstroms.
3. Pitch of the double helix is approximate = 45 angstroms.
4. No: of base pairs is 12. 

Properties Of DNA:

1) Molecular Weight: It is 660g/mol:

How to Calculate The Average Molecular Weight Of DNA?

The number of base pairs should be multiplied by the average molecular mass of one base pair (660g/mole) and then you will get an approximate mass of the whole double-stranded DNA molecule. 

If the DNA is single-stranded, then multiply the no: of bases by the average mass of a single base (330g/mole), to get the approximate mass of the whole molecule. 

2) Double-Stranded:

The structure of DNA is the dynamic along its length, being capable of coiling in tight loops. It is composed of two helical chains bound by chemical interaction called Hydrogen Bond with each other. Both chains coiled in the same axis and the same pitch of 34 angstroms. The radius of chain pairs is 10 angstroms. 

  a) Base Pairing: The opposite strands of double helix DNA forms chemical bonding with each other, in between bases are pairing complementary called Base Pairing. It is important because it allows the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

  b) Base Stacking: The bases in DNA are planar and to the tent to stack by major stacking forces, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals forces.

  c) Complementary Strands: The sequence on one strand of DNA should have a perfect match with the sequence of the one strand of DNA. 

  d) Antiparallel Strands: The two polynucleotide strands of DNA runs antiparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases directed inward, which responsible for DNA's double helix structure. 

Where is DNA found in our body?

Deoxyribonucleic acid is contained inside the nucleus of a cell in the twisted ladder form. It is organized into 46 pieces referred to as "Chromosomes". Its location may be changed According to the type of cell-like prokaryotic cells have cytoplasmic DNA and eukaryotic cells contain mitochondrial, nuclear, and chloroplasts DNA.

What is the amount of DNA present in the human body? 

DNA is present in every cell of the human body except red blood cells. Each cell contains roughly 2 meters of DNA, containing 3 billion base pairs approximately. The human body is made up of uncountable cells. If you unraveled all the DNA from all your cell and stretched it out end to end, it would stretch to the sun and back several times. 

What is the role of DNA?

Role of DNA: 

Deoxyribonucleic acid performs principal functions that can be included following. 

1. Stored genetic information: The main function of DNA is to store genetic information for long-termed.
2. Replication: It is important to transfer the genetic information through, it can make carbon copies.
3. Recombination: It is one of the important functions of DNA in which DNA breaks into pieces and recombined to give new combinations of genes during meiosis.
4. Mutation: It is the process of changes in the structure of DNA, which gives variation and evolution in different features.
5. Transcription: It is the hetero-catalytic activity of DNA in which RNA forms from DNA.
6. Cellular Metabolism: DNA controls cellular metabolism by activating or non-activating the genes. DNA does this activity by RNA.
7. Differentiation: This activity of DNA is responsible for different features in different organisms.
8. Development: DNA also controls development by the internal genetic clock with or without the help of intrinsic information.
9. Translation: Synthesis of proteins by DNA occur in two sequences, Transcription and Translation, After the formation of RNA by transcription, it carries the message for making specific protein out in the cytoplasm. 

Why DNA is so important? 

As we know, DNA is vital for all living organisms even for plants. It is very important to move forward in life with the growing process. For that reproduction, and variation of cells are essential for, DNA is responsible. 

It allows us to run, think, digest, etc. It's your genetic coding that determines how our body looks, and functions. Whilst also separates you from other human beings. Each of your body cells divides into the next two new cells by sharing its DNA. Sometimes, there are errors in sharing which leads to variations in DNA letter sequences called "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism".

This variation can result in different proteins being created. It determines the biological difference between each human being or even plants. Different variations in genetics can determine things like whether you are likely to have a food intolerance, vitamin deficiency, and what type of skincare products can work for you. 

If you know which gene has changed, you can make your life revamp, and healthy. That's why DNA is so important.

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Define CoVID-19 | Origin, Full-Form, Types, Signs, Sources of Coronavirus

CoVID-19

Contents:

1. Origin of CoVID-19
2. What is Coronavirus?
3. What is CoVID-19?
4. What is the Full-Form of CoVID-19?
5. What is the novel coronavirus?
6. What are the types of coronavirus?
7. What are the signs and symptoms of Coronavirus?
8. How does Coronavirus Spreads?
9. How long does the coronavirus survive on surfaces?
10. Is coronavirus a bacteria or virus?
11. What is the source of the virus?
12. What is the difference between Isolated, Quarantine, and Social distancing?

Origin of COVID-19

A novel respiratory virus, born last December in Wuhan, China, has spread to six continents. Thousands were infected in March, at least 20,000 died and the spread of coronavirus was called the World Health Organization's epidemic in March.

Very little is known about the virus, in which most people may have mild or asymptomatic infections and whether they can spread the virus. It is difficult to know the exact dimensions of the spread.

What is Coronavirus?

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are actually common worldwide and cause respiratory disease in people and animals. There are many known coronaviruses, which usually cause mild respiratory disease such as colds. However, at least two of the previously identified coronaviruses caused a serious disease - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.

What is COVID-19?

COVID-19 is a recently discovered coronavirus infectious disease. This new virus and disease was not known before its spread to Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is now an epidemic that affects many countries around the world.

What is the Full-Form of CoVID-19? What it is?

CoVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease of 2019

"CO" means corona, "VI" for the virus, "D" for disease, and "19" refers to 2019, the year when it was first discovered. COVID-19 is a new member of the coronavirus family - SARS-CoV-2 - a close relative of the SARS and MERS viruses, which has previously been responsible for the spread. There is still much to be learned about this disease.

What is the novel coronavirus?

A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new species of coronavirus not previously detected in humans.

What are the types of coronavirus?

Generally, there are seven types of human Coronavirus:
Common human coronaviruses

• OC43 (beta coronavirus)
• NL63 (alpha coronavirus)
• HKU1 (beta coronavirus)
• 229E (alpha coronavirus)

Other human coronaviruses

• SARS-CoV (the beta CoV that causes SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome)
• SARS-CoV-2 (the novel CoV that causes COVID-19, or coronavirus disease 2019)
• MERS-CoV (the beta CoV that causes MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

What are the signs and symptoms of Coronavirus?

Symptoms and Signs of (COVID-19) coronavirus disease 2019 appear two to 14 days after exposure. This time is known as the period after exposure and before symptoms. Common signs and symptoms may include:

Most common symptoms:

• dry cough
• fever
• tiredness

Less common symptoms:

• loss of taste or smell
• diarrhea
• aches and pains
• conjunctivitis
• sore throat
• headache
• discoloration of fingers or toes, or a rash on the skin

Serious symptoms:

• chest pain or pressure
• difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• loss of speech or movement

How does coronaviruses spread?

Research on CoVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease of 2019) is still ongoing, but other human coronaviruses can be transmitted through person-to-person contact. Similar to colds and flu, a person becomes ill by getting in touch with an infected person. The virus can spread through an infected person's cough and sneezing or respiratory droplets that arise from touching surfaces with the virus on them.

How long does the virus survive on surfaces?

The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted from one person to another. When a person is coughing or sneezing, they send the virus into the air. A healthy person can squeeze in those dots. You can catch the virus even if it touches the surface or object where the virus is and then touches your mouth, nose, or eyes.

You Need to Know?

Coronaviruses can last for hours on surfaces such as countertops and doorknobs. How long it lasts depends on what surface it is made of.

Here is a guide on the types of coronaviruses that live on certain surfaces you touch every day - a family of viruses that contain COVID-19.

Keep in mind that researchers still have much to learn about the new coronavirus. But perhaps you are more likely to catch them from the contaminated surface.

Different Kinds of Surfaces:

OBJECTS	DAYS	EXAMPLE
Metal	5 days	doorknobs, jewelry, silverware
Wood	4 days	furniture, decking
Plastic	2-3 days	milk containers and detergent bottles, metro and bus seats, backpacks, elevator buttons
Stainless steel	2-3 days	pots and pans, refrigerators, some water bottles, sinks
Cardboard	24 Hours	shipping box
Copper	4 Hours	Pennies, Tackets, Cookware
Aluminum	2-8 hours	soda cans, tinfoils, water bottles
Glass	5 Days	glass, cups, mirrors, measuring windows
Earthen pots	5 Days	dishes, pots, cups
Paper	1minutes to 5Days	mail, newspaper
Food	-	Takeout, Production (Coronavirus does not spread through food.)
Clothing	-	clothes, linen (There has not been much research on how long the virus stays on the fabric, but not as long as it is on rough surfaces.)
Water	-	Coronavirus is not found in drinking water. If it is found in the water supply, your local water treatment plant will filter the water and disinfect the water, which will kill any microorganisms.

Is coronavirus a bacteria or virus?

Coronaviruses are types of viruses, not bacteria. There are many types of coronaviruses and some of them can cause diseases in humans. SARS-Cov 2 is the new coronavirus name that causes COVID-19 disease.

What is the source of the virus?

COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus is a large family of viruses involved in a wide variety of people and animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats. Rarely, animal coronaviruses infect people and then spread to people. This has occurred with MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV and now with viruses that cause COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus similar to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. The source of these three viruses is in bats. One way that the American patient sequence was initially posted in China was to point to the unique, recent emergence of the virus from the animal reservoir. However, the exact origin of this virus is unknown.

What is the difference between Isolated, Quarantine, and Social distancing?

• Social distance: To prevent the spread of disease, maintain space between yourself and people outside your home.
• Quarantine: Keeping the suspects isolated. Isolating people and limiting the movement of people who are infected or whether they are sick.
• Isolate: Separate person to isolate sick people from others in order to spread the disease

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