What is GMT | Definition, History, Need, Work, Begin, Full Form of GMT

GMT

Contents:

1. INTRODUCTION
2. What is the definition of GMT?
3. What is GMT?
4. What is the full form of GMT?
5. How did GMT begin?
6. How does it work?
7. Where is the GMT Time Zone?
8. How did the railways make GMT the UK time standard?
9. How did GMT become the international standard?
10. Why do we need GMT?
11. What are the other Time Zones?

INTRODUCTION:

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) refers to the mean or average solar time at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London, and which was adopted as the universal standard time.

Historically astronomers used Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) with zero moments at noon; the day began at noon to measure time. The Civil convention used midnight zero moment. However in 1925, GMT was adopted by the Astronomers and the day began at midnight, hence midnight was zero moments. Coordinated Universal time has now replaced GMT and zero moments are still midnight, but the difference between both is small.

Definition of GMT?

GMT means Greenwich Mean Time and refers to the average or mean solar time or clock time at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London beginning from midnight. Noon Greenwich Time does not mean when the sun at Greenwich meridian is at its peak, the difference is due to the irregular rotation of the earth.

Prime Meridian is the meridian at Longitude 0o. It does not account for daylight saving and it is the Standard time used by the United Kingdom, Ireland, and some countries in Africa and Europe.

What is GMT?

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) means the sun is the average of the time it passes through the main meridian of the clock at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. This indicates that the clock time at the Observatory instead of the year-round solar system changes as the Greenwich Meridian passes. The length of each day measured by the clock equals the average length of the solar day and ensures that the standard time is maintained.

Solar time unlike GMT varies constantly through the year as the interval that the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian lines varies due to the earth’s elliptical orbit and the irregular daily rotation of the earth.

Solar time is measured by the Earth's rotation relative to the Sun. Clear solar time can be obtained by measuring direct observation of the sun, although clocks and clocks measure average or average solar time, which refers to the time measured by observation. The year traveled at a similar pace.

What is the full form of GMT?

GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time 

How did Greenwich Mean Time begin?

In 1675 John Flamsteed was appointed by royal warrant, the first Astronomer Royal by the British monarch, Charles II as well the establishment of the Greenwich Royal Observatory in London. Greenwich was a park and palace near the Thames Bridge in London

He was responsible for publishing a set of tables which facilitated the conversion of Solar time to Mean Time. He thereafter brought the finest pendulum clocks and installed them at the Greenwich Royal Observatory, which was set to local time.  Greenwich Mean Time was obtained as the average of the Time when the sun passed through the meridian at Greenwich at longitude 0o, from this humble beginning GMT was born and was popular with astronomers.

It facilitated naval and maritime exploration especially of the new world; however, usage was not widespread as many major cities used local times. The British Nautical Almanac was made available in 1676 by Nevil Maskelyne, the fifth Astronomer Royal of Greenwich Royal Observatory. These Navigational charts enhanced explorations at sea and facilitated the greater acceptance of GMT.

How does it work?

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) works by using the yearly average or mean of the time each day the Sun passes through the Prime meridian (Longitude 0o ) of the Clock at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, London. This implies that it is the clock time at the observatory rather than the solar time which varies throughout the year as it crosses the Greenwich meridian. Each day measured by the clock has the same length which is equivalent to the mean or average length of a solar day, and this ensures standard time is maintained.

The Prime Meridian is the basis for all the time zones in the world and how to calculate it. Every fifteen degrees in Longitude is equivalent to a one-hour time differential.

Where is the GMT Time Zone?

The Greenwich meridian or Longitude Zero runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through the Royal Observatory and also known as Prime Meridian. The Greenwich Mean Time zone is the Time zone that refers to all the countries that lie on this meridian such as the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, and some African countries. However, the United Kingdom and Ireland do not use it from October to March during Daylight Saving Time.

Countries on the East of the Meridian are ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, however, those on the West are behind of the GMT.

How did the railways make GMT the UK time standard?

The early1800’s local times were used by the various cities, however, with the widespread use of railways, the various local times presented big challenges to passengers and operators in the railway industry. This created the need for an acceptable time for the industry. Before this time the GMT had not generally adopted. Then the British railway industry initially began using the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for its operations to eliminate the confusion created by various local time zones until it was formally adopted. In 1847 the British Railway Clearing House adopted the GMT as its official time and was thereafter known as Railway Time.

In the late 1850’s many public places in Britain started adopting the Railway Time as it gained popularity. However, it was in August 1880 that Greenwich Mean Time known as Railway Time was adopted as the legal time in Britain by an Act of Parliament.

How did GMT become the International standard?

The United States of America had over three hundred local time zones which were quite challenging for the operators of the American Railway industry and their patrons, as they struggled to find a solution. This was later narrowed to one hundred local times zones but it still posed difficulties for the American railway industry.

In November 1883, the Greenwich Mean Time was also adopted by the United States of America, and the United States then had four time zones. During the International Meridian Conference held in Washington D.C, United States of America, Greenwich Mean Time was adopted internationally in November 1884 with the creation of 24 Time zones. Thus GMT became the International Time Standard.

Britain played a key role in the international adaptation of GMT due to the superiority of the navigational charts from the Royal Greenwich Observatory, London as well as the efforts Sir Sandford Fleming, who was one of the conveners of the conference.

Why do we need GMT?

The GMT was the origin and basis for the calculation of several time zones worldwide and more than seventy percent of the world trade used navigational charts based on Greenwich Meridian as the Prime meridian. The accuracy of the Royal Greenwich Observatory navigational data also was a factor that facilitated its adoption.

The conference confirmed the Greenwich meridian as the Prime Meridian and the Greenwich Mean Time as the International Time. Thus all time zones use GMT as a reference point.

The first clock to show the public GMT was installed at Gate of Greenwich Royal Observatory, London in 1852 was known as the Shepherd Gate Clock. GMT was an international civil time from 1884 to 1972.

In January 1972 the GMT was replaced by Coordinated Universal Time as the International Civil Time which is operated using a group of atomic clocks. The atomic clocks have greater accuracy and were set to synchronize with the earth’s rotation. But since the rotation varies there are still small differences between the clock time and natural time, adjustments are made to harmonize it with the earth’s rotation. Initially, France did not accept the Universal Coordinated Time UTC due to some dispute with Britain but adopted it in 1978.

 However GMT it still a legal time in Britain and is used by the British Broadcasting Corporation, Royal Navy, and African and European nations. Some of the Countries that use GMT as legal time include

Ghana, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mali Mauritania, Iceland, and Togo

What are the other Time Zones?

The United States of America established standard time with Act of 1918. China uses only one time zone despite having a territory greater than 15 degrees Longitude and has a standard time UTC +08:00 or (GMT +8) China standard Time is eight hours ahead of GMT Below are the four-time zones for the United States of America.

Eastern Standard Time EST is GMT-5
Central Standard Time is GMT -6 
Mountain Standard Time is GMT -7 while for UTC -6
Pacific Standard Time is   GMT - 8
Russia has up to eleven time zones beginning from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka Chri with a nine-hour time differential in its time zones.
Several countries the Standard time zones and in some countries have deviations of thirty minutes or more from the standard time.

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What is MIS | Benefits, Full-Form, Need, Components, Types of MIS?

MIS

Contents:

1. What is MIS?
2. How it works?
3. What is the Full Form of MIS?
4. What are the 5 different types of MIS?
5. What are the 4 components of MIS?
6. Importance of MIS?
7. Why do we need MIS?
8. What are the benefits of an MIS?
9. What are the advantage and disadvantages of the MIS?

History

We live in a saturated data world, and all companies have access to copious (abundant) amounts of data. Every organization needs an information system that controls, analyzes, visualizes information. Let’s take an in-depth look at such an information system.

What is MIS?

The information system is called the Management Information Systems, popularly abbreviated as MIS. Management Information Systems (MIS) is used to coordinate, control information, and use it in the decision-making process.

It collaborates business processes, human resources, and information technology to record, and analyze data to make smart decisions. In this article, we want to introduce you to the types of MIS, components of MIS, and why we need it. Additionally, we will explore its advantages and disadvantages.

How does it work?

The tactical management team uses the Management information system. They use it to take information from the system and share the results and then make decisions based on the reports.

Let’s take a look at how the MIS system works.

Step 1: Collect data: Every organization has a system to collect data, both internal and external. The MIS uses these sources and collects all the relevant data in its network. If the info is collected manually, then the data is entered manually into the MIS.

Step 2: Process Data: Process the data First, they clean the data, then structure it in a way that is most useful for the team. After the organization, the data is analyzed, may be manipulated using logical and mathematical operations. This data can be used for research and forecasting purposes.

Step 3: Store the information and retrieve it: Every small change in data is recorded and stored so that it can be accessed anytime in the future. Depending on the type of information, store it in databases-SQL or No-SQL. As per the requirements, this information can be retrieved later by the concerned authority.

Step 4: Share the insights Sharing insights is the last step in the process: Export the necessary information, the trends, and the patterns. Use data visualization techniques to prepare reports and share them with the relevant teams. Use the reports generated and create an action plan to execute. The new data generated will again go through steps 1 to 4.This is a cyclic perennial process.

What is the Full Form of MIS?

MIS stands for Management Information Systems

What are the five different types of MIS?

Each department of an organization generates its data and requires different MIS systems to deal with it. Some MIS are specific to the functionality of a particular department, while others cater to more common parameters and mostly to the entire organization to ensure smooth running.

The five main Management Information systems are as follows:

1. Process Control System: The process control system is the type of management information system which will monitor the industrial processes. The system collects real-time data and generates reports periodically on the required parameters. 
2. Sales and Marketing System: This MIS helps track the effectiveness of the marketing and sales activities.data is collected and used in the planning and execution of promotional campaigns to launching new products and market research. 
3. Human Resources System: This MIS system has more reach, can communicate between HR and other departments in a company, keep track of recruitments and policy-related matters. This may also have some aspects of financial matters like payroll and type of employment. 
4. Inventory control System: This MIS is for tracking all stocked products and related happenings like theft, running low in quantity, and much more. As the name suggests, it is for managing inventory. 
5. Enterprise Collaboration: As the name suggests, this is a complete package. The management information system is meant to collect all the data about a company, like a record of all personnel, finances, inventory, requirements, marketing, and more.

What are the four components of MIS?

1. Business Processes- the business procedures or best practices guidelines set up by every organization. These practices are set up in such a way that it facilitates the use of the MIS by the people. These business processes might be different for every company and every team within the company. What works for one team may not work best for another. These best practices have to be formulated with care. And, it should be oriented to the requirements of each group and the company. 
2. Users- They are the people, the managers, the executives who operate the Management Information Systems to glean insights on the function of their team. A lot of control on the MIS rests in the hands of the executives. If utilized inaccurately, the results you get may be wrong, and that will be a cause of headache for the company. The people who use the MIS should be appropriately trained to use it and schooled on the best practices. 
3. Technology(hardware and software)- The technology used is as important as the people and the procedures. The equipment includes all the gadgets and systems like laptops, Pcs, scanners, copiers, and other network devices. These are used for input and output of data to and from the MIS. The software is the program or set of programs that run on this hardware. These applications will help you input the data, process information, and analyze it to gain insights. These include some standard programs like MS Word and MS suite of products, or more specific and specialized programs for tasks such as ticketing or helpdesk. 
4. Data- Data is the fourth pillar of the MIS. It is mentioned last, but it is equally important. We need space where we can store all the data that is recorded. These data can be structured or unstructured. Later, they will be sorted to discard unnecessary or redundant data. The quantity of the data handled can be high, so you will have to look for sound Database management systems to store your data. This data is later cleaned. Then the required information is filtered, processed, and analyzed to gain actionable intel. These components work together seamlessly making the use of the MIS an efficient one and help in achieving the objectives of the individual, team, and company.

Why do we need MIS?

Every business requires an efficient Management Information system. It helps people do their jobs more smartly and get results faster.

You can use the same system for a service, a particular product, or devising strategy for the whole organization.

1. It helps solve structured problems. 
2. It will assist the management tier in taking real-time decisions. 
3. It will be useful to answer the questions that may be asked and the situations faced under various scenarios. 
4. With the analysis of trends and patterns, it can serve as a guide for future endeavors. 
5. With its in-depth data analysis, it can serve as an early warning system for a disturbing trend. 
6. It helps provide a certain amount of flexibility towards the business workings.

What are the benefits of a management information system?

• Achieve objectives with efficiency: The Management Information System helps businesses achieve their goals and objectives. This also improves the overall productivity of the employees. 
• Planning and control: You can plan and control your work better with known variables using the Management Information System. You can use customer data collected to study and get a competitive edge. This will also improve the quality of the decisions made. 
• Coordination and communication: Shared and common information will allow for various teams and managers to identify the areas with issues and make an action plan to collaborate and work on it.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of management information systems?

Some of the Pros of MIS:

• High data accuracy: the duplication of data is very low as well. 
• Better security: The MIS gives access to only the personnel who need them, like managers and high-level executives. There is user authentication, sometimes even biometric, and other access control systems. 
• Good Backup plan: With the advent of cloud technology, data can be backed up and can be easily stored and retrieved on demand. 
• Ease of access: development of tech and mobile-first solutions ensure that data can be easily made available to executives irrespective of their location. 

Some Cons of MIS to consider:

• Risk factor: Security is paramount when dealing with data. If there is even a small lapse in security, there is a high potential for fraud and loss of data and confidential information. 
• Expensive: The entire setup is costly to set up and maintain. Proper personnel has to be trained on the best practices and about general usage of the product. Additionally, there is too much reliance on technology, and it will affect performance. This means that you can’t access information when any hardware or software malfunctions.

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All about OK | Meaning, Come From, Origin of word OK

OK

Contents:

1. What is the meaning of OK?
2. What is the Full Form of OK? 
3. What is the Origin of the word OK?
4. Where and How does the OK Expression arise?
5. What led to the spread of the expression OK? 
6. It is Correct to Always Say "OK" and "Be Assertive"
7. Where is OK From? 
8. What Country Does OK Come From? 
9. Conclusion

What is the meaning of OK?

It is an expression that is used as an endorsement or a green light to something. In many instances, it denotes a sense of authorization or approval and permission to continue with the task at hand. It is also used to acknowledge acceptance. However, it sometimes indicates a sign of indifference that is, satisfying but not very exceptional. In the 19th century, it was used by the military to indicate that all was good when it wasn’t.

What is the Full Form of OK?

The phrase OK is assumed to be an acronym of “oll korrect’’, a jesting term for “all correct”. In the 19th century, the amusement for people to create slangs for words was overwhelming. Words were shortened and occasionally misspelled. “No go” was abbreviated to “k.g.”(Know Go). OK emerged as an abbreviation for “orl korrekt,” a teasing term for “all correct”. The craze surrounding the formation of acronyms has been criticized as laziness. Recently, chats and messages have formed their field of acronyms with the emergence of abbreviations such as OMG, WTF, DIY. The list is endless and has been highly ridiculed as a misuse of the English language

What is the Origin of the word OK?

This one letter word is extremely familiar in the English language. But how did this little word become the most commonly borrowed and used word by other languages? Stories attribute that it comes from Puerto Rican phrase Aux Quais, from German alles korrect, from Scot’s och aye, from Latin’s ommes korrecta, from French’s au quai, or Native America’s okeh.

Singer Pete Seeger, in his song, mentioned that OK was of Choctaw origin. The dictionaries at the time did not dispute this. This etymology, however, lasted until the 1960s. There have been various efforts to try and explain the origin of this phrase. In the 19th century, it became a viral Boston editorial joke. This joke ended up becoming an all-time American expression. Allen Walker Read, an author and English professor at Columbia University, found out that OK was first used by editor Charles Gordon Greene, in a Boston morning post. It was used to refer to the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society, a satirical movement, which passed through Boston going to New York.

It was also believed that the term originated from West Africa, among the Black Slaves. Etymology traces the word to Woolof and Bantu. The word waw-kay was used to signify all right or yes indeed in most West African dialects. This suggestion, which was made by David Dalby, has of late been supported by Joseph Holloway. While Dalby’s claims have been challenged for lack of proof, it is being published did not question the illiteracy in West Africans, in the era of slavery. Despite the West African etymology of being accepted by 1981, it has been extensively published by scholarly sources.

Where and How does the OK Expression arise?

Its simplicity appealed to several cultures. Its endless use and flexibility are beyond limits. Its appeal is in the fact that it is a small word that can fit anywhere to eliminate emptiness. In most Latin American countries, the word is pronounced as it is. For Spanish speakers though, it is spelled as okay. In Brazil, it's pronounced as “okei,” while the Portuguese say “okai’’ which is much similar to pronunciation in English.

Arabs use the OK word widely, especially in British colonies such as Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq. In China, ok is used to mean “confirmed”. It also indicates a sense of achievement. In France, OK is used to agree. The Filipino use okay lang to mean just okay. OK is at times spelled as okey or okay. In India, OK at the end of a sentence or a conversation, is sometimes regarded as rude.

Russians use ok as an affirmation. Indonesians have used it as a tagline on their national broadcaster since 1994. In Hebrew, it is an equivalent of the Hebrew word adequate, while in Maldivian, it's a sign of agreement. The Urdu and Punjabi dialects of Pakistan have made OK a part of their everyday lives. In Malay, They form suffix lah at the end of OK to make it OK-lah, same as Singapore.

Today, OK is used as a default button in dialogue boxes on computers. The user must click on this button to indicate that he accepts the contents. It is also defined as a successful response to various computer programs. OK necessitates the ability to move forward or continue with a task on a computer device. It acts as a command to a majority of mobile phones. This shows that, in a world that is supposed to be technically evolved, it still clings to the simple word derived in the 19th century.

What led to the spread of the expression OK?

Ordinarily, the phrase Ok would have died out and lost in the moment like most had. However, it created the spotlight and became the slogan of the presidential campaign by the American democratic political party in 1840. The supporters of the candidate and then president, Martin Van Buren rallied “OK,” short for “Old Kinderhook,” his birth town. “Vote for OK” became popular and eventually widely publicized OK. This led to the formation of the O.K. club

The initials were used as mud slings by his opponents, with words such as “out of kash”, “or fully confused,” being used to troll him. Although Van Buren was not re-elected, he gave the Ok expression an intrigue that glued on people’s wits and lips.

OK was born at around the time the telegraph was being invented. To reduce the cost of sending messages, telegraph operators would use a simple OK to confirm messages received. OK became a common lingo among people and telegraph operators helped spread it to other countries.

It is Correct to Always Say "OK" and "Be Assertive"

Through its assertiveness, enthusiastic expression, and well, its ability to make one feel contented, Ok is majorly used beyond the English language.

Examples include;

“Ok, I will do it”- to show surrender

“I have got this OK”- to show assertiveness

“Well it looks ok on you”- as a compliment

You can use OK any time anywhere and be OK. OK, ok, ok, okay, O.K, or whichever way this word appears in print entirely depends on the platform being used. The dictionary meaning of this word remains static and does not offer a compromise.

Where is OK From?

Its global acceptance has led many to claim its possession. The introduction of a gesture with an “O” forming at the touch of the index finger and the thumb, become a common jingle in America during Van Buren’s campaign. Consequently, the speculation about where it is from was soon forgotten and it became every other person’s word.

What Country Does OK Come From?

Much as it is said, it is believed that OK originated from America. Claims have it that it also came from West Africa. The debate and confusion surrounding this hotly and extensively used word are endless.

Conclusion:

In the end, it can in the least be said confidently that OK has somehow become washed out. Its literal meaning of “all correct” has different meanings. Whichever story you choose to believe, as long as you are OK with OK, it doesn’t matter where it came from.