All about eSIM | Functions, Uses, Secure, History, Full-Form of eSIM?

eSIM

A Next-Generation Technology

Contents:

1. Introduction
2. What is an eSIM?
3. What is the full form of eSIM?
4. What is the size of the eSIM card?
5. What are the functions of an eSIM card?
6. How many Contact you can save in an eSIM Card?
7. What material is used for make an eSIM card?
8. How secure is the eSIM Card in making calls from different operators?
9. Which Smartphone company is using eSIM technology?
10. How many Countries are currently connected with eSIM?
11. What are the Pros and Cons of an eSIM?

Introduction

In this ever-changing world, where change is the only permanent phenomena, our Traditional SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card also underwent many figurative and technological changes. From Mini to Micro to Nano the size of SIM Card was reduced to its half and with present technology of eSIM, i.e. Embedded/Electronic SIM, it will further reduce its size drastically but will focus more on technological advancement to facilitate the consumers.

This article will give answers to the major doubts regarding eSIM.

What is an eSIM?

To understand eSIM, first, we have to know what a SIM is. A SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) is Chip which establishes a network connection between your electronic device and a carrier network and facilitates you to make calls, send texts, browse data, etc. Now an Embedded/Electronic SIM as the name suggests is the programmable SIM, which is embedded directly into the device.

Instead of being available as a physical SIM card, manufacturers integrate a small SIM card inside the phone, saving you the switch between physical ones when you switch your service provider.

Related: What is SIM | Functions, Memory, Full-Form, Size, Uses, Types of SIM

What is the full form of eSIM?

The eSIM stands for Embedded/Electronic Subscriber Identity Module. It is also known as (eUICC) Embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card.

What is the size of an eSIM Card?

The normal height of an eSIM is 6.0mm with a width of 5.0mm and thickness being 0.67mm. As eSIM is in-built in mobile devices, there is no need to provide the space slots for SIM Cards Thus making the device more compact.

What are the functions of an eSIM Card?

An eSIM is basically an in-built SIM in cellular devices. Hence it has all the features and performs all functions of a regular SIM, it aids in making calls, sending texts, exploring data packages, etc. Rather this chip has higher network coverage and better signal adaptation features than a traditional SIM. Also, it has a facility to change the carrier mobile network according to the signal availability in a particular area at any given time.

It won’t be wrong to say that it has a better application feature than LTE Technology. In the settings menu of a mobile phone or any electronic device with eSIM technology, there would be a separate option dedicated to eSIM settings containing the usage tutorials and further options to explore the features of this technology.

How many contacts can you save in an eSIM Card?

The present storage capacity of a normal SIM Card (Nano) is around 20MB. It can store up to 5,000 Contacts without pictures or any other information other than Name and Contact Number. An eSIM Card has better storage capacity than the normal SIM to save contacts, messages, pictures, or other relevant data. It is speculated that it can store around 25,000 contacts containing Name and Number.

What material is used for make an eSIM card?

The Electronic chip is the main component of a SIM card, which is made from Silicon alloy, including some added impurities such as phosphorous. It is then plated with metals like Gold to form the outer layer which makes contact with the motherboard of a cellular device.

The making of the eSIM Card follows a similar pattern. The main material used is Silicon Alloy, having phosphorous impurities being coded and covered by a metal layer like Gold and directly embedded in the motherboard of the gadget.

How secure is the eSIM Card in making calls from different operators?

An eSIM works in a similar way as normal SIM works. Here one has to login to a carrier and operate accordingly. There is an option to switch between operators at any time, which eases the consumer's work. The majority of the modern gadget has a complete section in the settings menu dedicated to eSIM settings.

There the user can select the operator for incoming calls or the operator for text messages or a carrier for outgoing calls etc. But right now it is not possible to take calls from different operators at a single time. One could switch Carrier Accounts simultaneously and operate accordingly. The Dual eSIM Card Concept is still in pipeline and will work out soon.

Which Smartphone company is using eSIM technology?

s-SIM Card was first used by Samsung in 2016 in the Samsung Gear S2 smart-watch followed by Apple Inc and Google (Google Pixel2 being the first cell phone to use eSIM technology, launched only in the United States). This technology is considered the future of SIM Card and is used by the majority telecom industry and mobile and electronic device making companies in manufacturing its product accordingly. Such as Microsoft, which introduced eSIM to the Windows-10 operating system in 2018.

Plintron, a giant in cloud CAAS (Communication As A Service) provider industry, also implemented the “IOT” Internet of things product, based on eSIM support for the devices and available in 28 countries. And recently Motorola released the 2020 version of the Motorola Razr, a foldable Smartphone that only supports eSIM and doesn’t have any physical SIM slots.

An eSIM is even smaller than an average human’s fingernail; with such small size and better network coverage facility this technology is not limited to telecom devices rather is used in many different devices such as smart-watches. This technology is used by European countries in the Automobile industry also; in 2012 the European Commission finalized the embedded UICC format for its in-vehicle emergency call service known as Call.

All new car models in the EU have been directed to incorporate one by 2018 to instantly connect the car to the emergency services in case of any accident emergency. Even Singapore is seeking public polls and opinions on the introduction of eSIM as a new standard as more and more compatible devices are entering the market.

How many Countries are currently connected with eSIM?

This emerging technology is supported by many countries and its mobile carrier network organization. Most European countries, as well as India, Canada, Hong Kong, the USA, Taiwan, Qatar, Singapore, Thailand, UAE, and Kuwait, being the major countries to support this booming technology. But presently beside the United States, the eSIM technology is available in nine other countries – India, Austria, Canada, Spain, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and the United Kingdom.

In India, Bharti Airtel was first to introduce eSIM technology causing a huge uproar in the telecom industry. Even Reliance JIO followed the footsteps and incorporated this technology to stay competitive in the market. Now both the companies have this facility in India as well all the 9 countries.

What are the Pros and Cons of eSIM?

Advantages of the eSIM Card Technology

1. Space Saving- Due to the eSIM physical SIM Card isn’t required, hence removing the components to read a SIM card, and the SIM card slot itself, which removes a handful of complexities in Smartphone Device design and remove a big hole in a Smartphone device. So removing the physical SIM card will provide space for new technology. Hence enabling the makers to use this saved space for installing other useful components or to optimize the Smartphone’s design to create a better-looking phone.
2. Hassle-free Inter-Portability between Carriers- Activating and switching between the carriers is super easy. You don’t need to go to a shop to get the SIM and wait for it to get activated. All you need to do is LogIn to your carrier account and link your eSIM.
3. Easy Traceability- In case of phone theft, the eSIM is a default in-built SIM and cannot be taken out, hence using the phone with another SIM is out of option. So there is a high chance of tracking the phone and getting it back.
4. No additional charges- One of the advantages of this bubbling technology is that the consumers will not have to wait or pay any additional amount for the SIM as the eSIM is already in-built in the device.
5. Higher security and efficiency- Another advantage of this technology is that the eSIM-based gadgets generally offer potentially higher security along with re-programmability features, and are more power-efficient over the traditional SIM card solutions.

Limitations of the eSIM Card Technology

1. Not so easy transferability- Since it is not a physical SIM and is permanently in-built in the phone or other device, it is impossible to take it off the gadget and put it into another Smartphone or other device. In case the phone runs out of battery one doesn’t have the option to change the SIM and in the worst case where the gadget breaks or is destroyed, all the data in eSIM is gone with it and is very hard (nearly impossible) to retrieve.
2. Complex Working- The switching and activating of the carriers could be a difficult task for a layman. And as the eSIM is in-built and removing it is impossible, so at times when one passes his phone, it will be important to take all the important data from the eSIM and create a backup or to erase the data from that. This could be a tedious task for some.
3. Always stays connected to Network- An eSIM will always be connected to a network once provisioned. That makes phones far more traceable and track-able. This could be a problem for those who love their privacy and don’t want themselves to be located. It is a little bit far removed from what an average person deals with but it could be a problem to some who adore their privacy.
4. Hacker’s Threat- An eSIM gives users the power to download a profile directly onto their phone. This means, in theory, that a hacker might be able to push a new profile onto someone else's device and take control of it, making devices vulnerable to hacker’s attacks.
5. No Dual eSIM Concept- Those who wish to use two or more phone lines at a time, eSIM doesn’t facilitate this. This concept is still not adopted and is in the planning stage but in the future, we might see dual eSIM devices.
6. Still in Emerging Stage- Since this technology is just still in the emerging stage, there aren’t a lot of carriers/operators which support eSIM, and some countries, like China, are openly opposing the idea but it will come around eventually.

I hope this article was helpful in creating a basic idea of eSIM and busting a few myths regarding the same.

All about AI | Meaning, Definition, Types, Pros&Cons of AI?

AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

Contents:

1. Introduction of AI
2. Definition of AI
3. What do you mean by AI?
4. What is the full form of AI?
5. What are the types of AI?
6. How does AI Works?
7. What are the applications of AI?
8. Which are the Leading Firms in AI?
9. What are the Pros and Cons of AI?

Introduction of AI

This article presents the most important types of artificial intelligence. The main goal of Artificial Intelligence is to enable machines to function as human beings. Therefore, the primary method of classification of AI depends on how efficient it is to repeat human-style actions.

AI can be classified into two types, both based on its ability to replicate the human brain. A classification based on "functionalism" classifies AI based on their similarity to the human mind and their ability to think and feel as human beings. The second method of classification is even more prominent in the tech industry, based on the "capabilities" of AI's visual human intelligence.

Definition of AI?

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the imitation of human intelligence in machines programmed to think like humans and simulate their actions. The term can also be used for any machine that exhibits characteristics associated with the human mind such as learning and problem-solving.

The ideal feature of artificial intelligence is the ability to find the best opportunity to achieve a specific goal.

Key Points:

• Artificial Intelligence refers to simulating human intelligence in machines.

• The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning and understanding.

• AI is used in a variety of industries including finance and healthcare.

• Weak AI is simpler and single-task oriented, while strong AI does more complex and human-like tasks.

What do you mean by AI?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Common applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition, and machine vision.

AI (Artificial Intelligence) programming focuses on 3 cognitive skills: learning, reasoning, and self-improvement.

1. Learning process: This aspect of AI programming focuses on obtaining data and creating rules for converting data into actionable information. The rules, known as algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for completing a specific task.
2. Reasoning: This aspect of AI programming focuses on selecting the right algorithm to achieve the desired result.
3. Self-improvement: This aspect of AI programming is consistently designed for fine algorithms and ensures that they deliver the most accurate results.

What is the full form of AI?

AI stands for Artificial Intelligence

What are the types of Artificial Intelligence?

Type 1 – Based on Functionality
There are mainly 4 types of AI (Artificial Intelligence):

1. Reactive Machine: They are the most basic and oldest types of artificial intelligence. They reflect the human ability to respond to a variety of stimuli. This type of AI does not have the power of memory, so they do not have the ability to use the information/experience already acquired to get good results, so this type of AI cannot train itself.
2. Limited Theory: This type of AI is capable of reactive machines as well as memory capacity so that they can use past information/experience to take the future. Most common applications around us fall into this category. These AI applications can be trained as a reference model through large amounts of training data stored in their memory.
3. Theory of Mind: Mind theory is the next level of AI that does not exist in our daily lives. This type of AI is mostly in the "work in progress" phase and is usually restricted to research laboratories. This type of AI, once developed, will have a deeper understanding of the human mind, from their needs, likes, feelings, thought processes, etc., to their understanding of the human mind, and can respond to AI.
4. Self-Aware AI: This is the last stage of AI. Its current existence is fictional and can only be found in sci-fi films. This kind of AI can understand and develop human emotions, but they also have their feelings. This kind of AI has decades of physicality, if not decades. This is the kind of AI that skeptics like Elon Musk are wary of. Because if it is self-aware, AI can enter into self-preservation mode, which is considered a potential threat to humanity and will either directly or indirectly seek to end humanity.

Type 2 – Based on Capabilities

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): All AI applications around us fall into this category. ANI is an AI system that can perform specific tasks that are defined in the same way as humans. However, these machines cannot perform previously unmanaged tasks, so they fail to perform unprecedented tasks. Based on the classification described above, this system is a combination of all reactive and limited memory AIs. The AI ​​algorithms we use to perform the most complex predictive modeling in the world today fall into the category of AI.
2. Artificial General Intelligence (ANI): AGI can act, learn, understand, and act like a normal human being. These systems have multi-functionality capabilities across different domains. These systems are more agile and can respond and improve the way humans encounter unprecedented scenarios. There is no real-world example of such AI, but good progress has been made in this area.
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI): Artificial Super Intelligence is at the top of AI development. ASI is the most powerful intelligence that exists on this planet. It can perform all tasks better than humans due to their inherently superior data processing, memory, and decision-making ability. Some researchers fear that the arrival of ASI will eventually lead to a "technological disaster." This is an out hazardous situation in which the development of technology will lead to uncontrolled conditions, resulting in an unprecedented change in human civilization.

At present, it is difficult to see what our future will look like when a more accomplished form of AI comes to the screen. However, since we are still very early in the development of sophisticated AI, it is very certain that we are still far from reaching that stage. For AI's supporters, we can only say that we are only scratching the surface to discover the true potential of AI and that AI skeptics are quick to chill out about technological extremes.

How does artificial intelligence Works?

Artificial intelligence uses machine learning to simulate human intelligence. The computer must learn how to react to certain actions, so it uses algorithms and historical data, called the correct model. The properties model then begins to form expectations (such as scoring leads or anything else).

AI can do much more than that, but they are common use and functionality for marketing. Even though the machines seem ready and ready to handle them, humans still need a lot of work. Mainly, we use AI to save time - adding people to email automation and allowing AI to do a lot of work while working on other tasks.

What are the applications of Artificial Intelligence?

Applications of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Gaming: It is advantageous in algorithmic and tactical games such as chess, in which the machine processes various contexts and stages and is capable of lateral thinking.
2. Language Processing: It helps to communicate effectively with the system, mainly computers that can process and understand the language spoken by humans.
3. Vision Systems: They can visualize and interpret data by visualizing the input on the computer.
4. Speech Recognition: Some systems can understand the language spoken by humans and can use pronunciation, grammar, etc. in the same way.
5. Handwriting Recognition: This unique function of AI allows specific handwriting to be converted into readable and editable text.
6. Robot: The robot is one of the most valuable inventions humans have ever discovered. They are highly skilled at their tasks, as they can perform well multi-task and save time in doing so. They have huge memory and can easily adjust to their environment. This type of preparation has many advantages.

Which are the Leading Firms in AI?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently disrupting many industries. According to Quartz, 37% of companies plan to use or do AI technology this year - a far cry from 10% in 2015. This number is only thanks to companies currently using AI innovations.

Below we have listed some of the most important industry leaders:

1. Amazon: One of the biggest players to join this list. Amazon is leading the AI ​​revolution in terms of consumer side and backend applications. Alexa is the company's voice-activated smart assistant, which has entered hundreds of thousands of homes worldwide. In the backend, Amazon Web Services is the tech giant's machine learning (ML) program, which is regularly introduced to companies like Netflix, Tinder, and NASA.
2. DJI: DJI is a Chinese AI startup company that focuses on everyone. A timely response to China's bid to become China's global superpower, the $ 15 billion company has already partnered with Microsoft for an AI-powered drone project. What's more, the Chinese firm wants to develop autonomous vehicles and robotics projects in the near future.
3. Apple: Another industry veteran, Apple executives have mentioned many times in the past how AI is the next big step for the company. It has been acquiring AI startups for years and continues to improve products such as Siri and Creative ML.
4. Anki: Kozmo is one of the most advanced consumer robots available on the market - one of many robotics products Anki currently owns. The company is passionate about bringing robotics closer to the consumer market and has recently been working on emotional AI technology.
5. Google: Google CEO Sundar Pichai has made it clear that the company is moving towards an AI-first approach to business. This is evidenced by the acquisition of several AI companies, with companies such as Mountain View and DeepMind making other AI companies and hundreds of products.
6. Datavisor: DataVisor is a leading tech company operating in the finance industry. It uses AI and ML to analyze millions of data points and represents fraudulent activity. It protects finance companies from duplicate accounts, fraudulent transactions, moneylending, and more.
7. Casetext:  Even the most experienced data collector has trouble navigating the thousands of pages of legal information available online When it comes to making a case, it can significantly slow down the process. Using AI to power its unique search engine, which is specially created to look at legal documents, expedites cast text content. Legal counsel specialists highlight that advanced AI applications in legal technology allow professionals to comb through records more effectively. Based on human limitations, legitimate AI software can quickly remove duplicates through large data points and rank them according to their vantage point for innovation. Kestext combines all of this with an easy drag-and-drop interface that every lawyer can learn to use. Case in point, a study comparing legal research platforms found by lawyers using Costexta CAA AI. They completed their projects 24.5% faster than those using traditional methods.
8. Facebook: After Facebook removed its AI chatbots, they were trying to improve the technology. Its research team, known as FAIR, is dedicated to exploring better communication techniques through AI technology. The social media giant hopes it will be a success soon, as it may not become a far-reaching industry leader in the future.
9. Clarifai: Clarity leads to the development of AI use cases for image recognition. Its users enjoy lightning-fast organization, filtering and tagging for thousands of images - from consumer research to online content moderation. The company's software develops AI and uses ML and deep neural networks to determine the accuracy of images and videos, and augment images to gather more visual data. The recently released General Model 1.5 is the company's strongest image recognition product.
10. Deepmind: Deep Mind is a Google-owned company focused solely on AI technology for various industries. The London-based company recently announced a revolutionary AI technology that could change the way predicators work through Predictive Analytics, resulting in a more proactive approach.

What are the Pros and Cons of AI?

Advantages of AI:

1. Easy Availability: One of the biggest advantages of machines is that they do not require constant refreshments like humans and can last for hours. They have the ability to constantly work and work without compromising the quality of the output.
2. Day to Day Application: The most used machine in our daily lives is the smartphone, and as a result we are accidentally or intentionally using the benefits of AI. Some examples of demonstrating control and power AI practice in our daily lives, using Siri for Apple devices, GPS for navigation, and recommendations for Amazon.
3. Error Reduction: The accuracy and accuracy of artificial intelligence have been successfully reached. Therefore, it helps in diagnosing and correcting errors.
4. Dealing with repetitive tasks: Dull tasks take time. AI algorithms can be used to solve these tasks. Machines are multi-tasking capable and work faster than humans.
5. Medical Applications: AI is widely used in the medical field. It can be used to identify potential cancer risks and neurodegenerative diseases.
6. Digital Assistant: Digital assistants or clones/duplicates are used to communicate with different users, resulting in less manpower. Because robots and devices lack emotional intelligence, they can apply logic more effectively and thus make the right decisions.

Disadvantages of AI:

1. High cost: Artificial intelligence increases productivity to deliver efficient results but imposes large costs because machines are very complicated and complex in their training. Therefore, their maintenance can also lead to large costs.
2. Inability to replicate humans: many believe that human intelligence cannot be duplicated. Although machines have proven to be smarter over time and more efficient than humans, they lack the emotions and moral qualities that characterize human beings.
3. No value to experience: man relies on experience to determine his performance more and, on the other hand, this trait is completely absent. Machines do not have an environmentally reactive quality and this is the difference between machines and humans.
4. Unemployment: This is a growing concern in any part of the world and most of the solutions adopted to address unemployment still do not eliminate the problem. Humanity relies heavily on machines to exploit the benefits of AI and overuse it. This causes great loss of creativity and the ability to think as a result of ideas.

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What is PC | Features, Types, Full-Form, Generations of PC

PC

Contents:

1. History of PC
2. What is a PC?
3. What is the full form of PC?
4. Characteristics and features of the PC
5. What is Hardware?
6. What is software?
7. What are the different types of PC?
8. What is the generation of computers?

History of PC

The history of personal computers (PCs) as mass-market consumer electronic devices began in 1977 with the introduction of efficient microcomputers, although some mainframes and minicomputers were implemented much earlier as single-user systems. The PC (Personal Computer) is intended for interactive personal use, unlike the mainframe computer, where end-user requests are filtered through operating staff or time-sharing systems, in which a large processor is shared by multiple people.

After the development of microprocessors, personal computers were so cheap that they eventually became full consumer goods. Early Personal Computer (PC) - commonly referred to as microcomputers, were often sold in limited quantities and electronic kit forms and were mostly of interest to hobbyists (who's a hobby) and technicians.

What is a PC?

A "PC" (personal computer) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capacity, and cost are possible for personal use. Personal computers are managed directly by the end-user rather than the computer or specialist. Unlike large expensive minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing cannot be used with many personal computers at the same time.

OR

In other words, A computer that is used by someone to perform their tasks. You can say the computer at your home, where you can play games, watch videos, and read stuff is a PC (Personal Computer). The word originally came from the IBM PC. It is mainly used by end-users (US) rather than specialists or experts.

What is the full form of PC?

PC stands for  Personal Computer

Characteristics and features of the PC

Personal Computer features or characteristics:

1. Speed: You know the computer can run very fast. The calculation takes only a few seconds to complete. You may be surprised to learn that a computer can perform millions (10,00,000) of instructions and more per second. Therefore, we determine the speed of the computer in terms of microseconds (10–6 fraction of a second) or nanoseconds (10 to 10 frames per second). You get an idea of ​​how fast your computer works.
2. Accuracy: The degree of accuracy of the computer is very high and every calculation is done with the same accuracy. Accuracy Level 7. It is determined based on computer design. Errors in computers are caused by human and faulty (wrong) data.
3. Attention: Free from computer fatigue, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It works for hours with no errors. If millions of calculations are to be made, the computer performs each calculation with the same accuracy. Because of this ability, it regularly attacks humans.
4. Versatility: That means being able to do something completely different. You can use your computer to prepare a payroll slip. The next moment you can use it for inventory management or to prepare electricity bills.
5. Power to Remember: The computer has the power to store any information or data. Any information can be stored and remembered for any number you need. It is entirely up to you how much data you want to store on the computer and when or where this data is lost or lost.
6. No IQ: A computer is a dumb machine and it will not do any work without user instructions. It dictates with tremendous speed and accuracy. It's up to you to decide what you want to do and in what order. Therefore the computer does not make its own decision.
7. Not feeling: It does not contain feelings or emotions, taste, knowledge, and experience. So even after working for a long time, it is not tiring. It does not distinguish between users.
8. Storage: The computer has a built-in memory where it can store large amounts of data. You can also store data on a secondary storage device such as a floppy, which can be left outside your computer and moved to other computers.

What is Hardware?

Computer Hardware:

Physical parts of personal computers are called the hardware of computers. Computer hardware is any part of a computer, we can touch these parts. These are the basic electronic devices used to make computers. Examples of computer hardware include:

1. processors, 
2. memory devices (HardDisk Drive), 
3. monitors, 
4. printers, 
5. microphone,
6. keyboards, 
7. mouse and 
8. central processing units.

There are three types of Hardware includes:

1. Input Device
2. Output Device
3. System Unit

• Input Device: The input device includes input devices of the personal computer such as a keyboard, mouse, microphone, and scanner, etc. these devices help to input data into the computer to process.
• Output Device: The output unit includes output devices of the personal computer such as to monitor, printer, and speaker, etc. They could output the processed data from which user input into the system.
• System Unit: The system Unit includes a motherboard. All other components are etched onto it. It is made up of silicon. An electronic pathway on the motherboard connects different components of the system unit.

What is software?

Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that perform various tasks on a computer system. We can also say that computer software is the programming code implemented in a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or code written for the operating system.

Examples of software include MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL, and so on.

Computer software is further divided into two main groups

1. System software
2. Application software

• System software: System software refers to the programs that are liable for supervisory and handling the definite actions of the computer hardware. It includes some basic utilities for the operating system and cases, such as disk, file managers, performance managers, user authentication, and network control software.
• Application software: Applications software refers to complete tasks identified by the user. Application software may consist of a solo program, such as an image viewer or gathering of programs that work organized to achieve a task such as a word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.

What are the different types of PC?

There are two types of Personal computers:

1. Stationary
2. Portable

1. Stationary
Workstation and desktop computers are includes in stationary types of personal computers category.

• Workstation: Workstation is a personal computer intended for technical, calculated, and systematic applications.
• Desktop computer: Desktop computer referred to its designed to place on the table in a vertical or horizontal position with external input and output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, monitor, etc. it is also used to play games as well as office work.

2. Portable

Portable personal computers are those which may be easily replaced from one place to the other.

• Laptop: The laptop is one of the common and most useable examples of portable personal computers. You may open the flip of the laptop and can do your work, and after that down the flip and take it away anywhere. It also protects keyboard, screen, and mouse pad during transportation.
• Tablet: Tablets are touchscreen display, which can be controlled by stylus pen or finger. It may also offer an external keyboard and mouse as well as some other USB devices to connect. It may be used different types of operating systems such as Windows, Android, and Linux, etc., according to the user demand and needs.
• Smartphones: Smartphones are also coming under portable personal computers which are similar to tablets. They are smaller than tablets.
• Ultra-Mobile PC: Ultra-Mobile PC (UMP) is a small tablet computer. It was developed by Microsoft, Samsung, and Intel. Current Ultra-Mobile PC typically includes Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Linux operating systems, and low-voltage Intel Atom or VIA C7-M processors.
• Pocket PC: Hardware Specification Pocket PC for a Handheld-Size Computer (Personal Digital Assistant, PDA) running Microsoft Windows Mobile Operating System. It may be capable of running alternative operating systems such as NetBSD or Linux. Pocket PCs have many capabilities of desktop PCs. There are many application software available for handhelds that follow the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are freeware. Microsoft-compliant pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons, such as RFID readers, barcode readers, cameras, and GPS receivers.

What is the generation of computers?

There are five generations of computers:

1. First-generation ➡️ Vacuum Tubes: This generation of computers was used vacuum tubes to perform calculations. Those were expensive because vacuum tubes are so expansive and a small lifetime period. They became hot and burn out. Computers of this generation are very expensive and large and need a special room having air conditioning to cool the room temperature. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the example of this generation.
2. Second-Generation ➡️ Transistors: To reduce the size of the computer we need to replace vacuum tubes from transistors. 200 transistors are about the same size as one vacuum tube on a computer. And they can work 40 times faster than a vacuum tube. As compared to the vacuum tube computer to the transistor computer, transistor computers were smaller in size and their performance and working capacity increased several times to the vacuum tubes computers. They also support BASIC and COBOL languages.
3. Third-Generation ➡️ Integrated Circuits: The major invention of the third generation computers was the development of integrated circuits. And a single integrated circuit may replace thousands of transistors. Now the problem of the size of the computer gone away after the invention of integrated circuits. It also reduces the price of the computer. Now it can use easily in medium and large scale business.
4. Fourth-Generation ➡️ Microprocessors: In fourth-generation computers, microprocessors replaced the integrated circuits and revolutionized the computer world. Fourth-generation computers used semiconductor memory, which increased the internal storage of computers. Apple Macintosh and IBM PC were the examples of fourth generation computers.
5. Fifth-Generation ➡️ Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence: This generation computer-based computer-based on artificial intelligence which is still in the process of the development stage. Some applications are such as voice recognition that is being used in today's world. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop tools that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organizing.

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All about Google | Founder, Headquarter, Products, Establish of Google

Google

Contents:

1. Introduction
2. Where is the Headquarter of Google?
3. Who is the Founder of Google?
4. When was Google establish?
5. Development of Google?
6. What are the products of Google and there uses?
7. Why Google is important in Daily Life?

Introduction:

Imagine a company that touches you more than a dozen times in a single day.

When you wake up and look at your phone when you book that taxi to get to work or when you try to share that file with a colleague and when you watch that video in your break. A company that not only has the capability of knowing you more than yourself but being able to analyze millions of data points to predict how you may feel tomorrow and what you may buy next week. 

That is Google. An American multinational company that focuses on internet-related services and products. 

Where is the Headquarter of Google?

Headquartered in Mountain View, California, the U.S., it is currently led by Sundar Pichai who is the CEO. 

GOOGLE stands for Global Organization of Oriented Group Language of Earth

Who was the Founder of Google?

In an era where conventional search engines ranked results by counting the number of times a search term appeared on a page, the founders of Google, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin - Ph.D. students at Stanford University in 1996, theorized that the relevance of the pages and its importance is more critical and can be calculated by the number of backlinks to the original website. 

When was Google establish?

   In 1996, for a research project, Larry Page was focussed on finding out which pages linked to a particular page and the nature and number of such backlinks. He shared his concept with Scott Hassan who originally started to develop the algorithm for the search engine. He was later joined by Alan Steremberg and they created BackRub. It primarily worked as a web crawler and gathered information.

    To convert the backlink data is collected for a webpage, into a measure of importance, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed an algorithm called PageRank. By combining these two, and running them over and over, Page and Brin realized that a web search engine based on this technique produced better results than the one that existed at that time, and the foundations for Google search were laid. 

During September of 1998, Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google (Global Organization of Oriented Group Language of Earth) while they were still Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. It was named after the mathematical term googol (one followed by 100 zeroes), inspired by the vast number of links between pages and how their search engine would become a more accurate tool to search the web that continued to grow each day. 

Development of Google

Since then, Google has seen massive growth through the creation of tools, solutions, technology, acquisitions, partnerships, and hardware. What started as an enhanced search engine company that redefined how people searched on the internet for relevant information was deemed to change the internet and businesses forever.

For example, it launched:

1. Google News in 2002, 
2. Gmail in 2004, 
3. Google Maps in 2005, 
4. Google Chrome in 2008, 
5. bought Android Inc., in 2005 and 
6. Launched the Android mobile operating system (OS) in 2007 that became the turning point for the mobile phone industry.

It even became the search engine for Yahoo in 2000 which was a premier web search engine before Google. In the summer of 2002, Yahoo tried to acquire Google for $3 billion. Google turned the offer down as it felt that it was worth at least $5 billion. 

Between 2010 and 2011 alone, it acquired or was in the process of acquiring or merging over 50 smaller companies and technologies with its products. It’s a revolutionary search engine and business model attracted investors and its growth knew no bounds. 

Driven by its core ad revenue, in January of 2020, Alphabet Inc. Google’s parent company, became the third technology company to be worth over $ 1 trillion exceeded only by Apple and Microsoft. 

What are the Products of Google and there Uses?

In today’s world, it is almost impossible to be untouched by Google’s products or services unless you are living under a rock. Google’s products and services have in effect, changed the way people work, live, connect, and play. They have changed the way businesses run, the way we live, work, shop, and move. 

Take for example, when you want to book a cab on Uber or Ola, or when you want to order that quick snack on Swiggy or Zomato, or when you shop on Amazon or Flipkart, or even when you send that email or find the closest Italian restaurant. You are able to do all these and many more because of a simple Google product called Google Maps. 

With over 100 products, Google serves, general people, businesses, and developers. Take a look at some of them.

For General

Android OS	Chrome	Connected Home	Chromebook
Gmail	Earth	Forms	Google Chat
Hangouts	Calendar	Contacts	Docs
Drive	Meet	Maps	Photos
Sheets	Sites	Translate	YouTube

For Business

Adsense	Analytics	Android	Assistant
Blogger	Ads	Chrome	Cloud
Data studio	Enterprise Search	Merchant Centre	My Business
Marketing	Maps	Manufacturing Centre	Optimize
Sheets	Sites	Translate	YouTube

For Developers

App Testing	Cloud Computing	Devices	Engagement
Game Services	Maps + Location	Monetization	Monitoring
Payments	Storage + Sync	Growth	Messaging

Why Google is Important in Daily Life?

Google is important in more than one way today.

1. While on one hand, it enables people and businesses to go ahead and use the information on the internet and where our lives almost depend on it. 
2. on the other hand, it is one of the companies that has immense access to our personal data and what and how it chooses to use this information is critical.

 The technology, products, and services offered by Google have, in fact, enabled many new businesses and jobs to be created. For example, a considerable number of startups use Google (Global Organization of Oriented Group Language of Earth) work and developer tools. Companies that need to use location-based services such as taxi aggregators, logistics, and food delivery app would not exist without Google Maps. Android-based phones would be absent. Our emails would probably still have a few MBs of limit rather than the GB limit that Gmail initiated. It has spurred immense freedom for creators to develop using cloud technology and given rise to many other products because of its services, almost becoming a boon.

       Today, we are connected to the internet in more than one way. We depend on it for our lives to go on and not only for very basic aspects such as work, transport, entertainment, and food but social needs such as connectivity, sharing, and social acknowledgment. Without realizing, we have enabled companies like, Google to grow immensely. During this process, we have also agreed to share a lot of our personal information and data with Google. With the advent of predictive analytics, big data, and AI, this has enabled it to analyze this data and process this to even predict our behavior.

       How Google manages and uses the immense personal information of not only its customers but also its customers is fast becoming a landmark trendsetter for other companies and businesses to follow.

       It has also prompted countries, particularly in the EU, to enhance privacy laws and create ‘Forget me’ options to protect information considered personal.

      We are thus left with a boon/bane system where we depend on Google to provide us with immense information and services to enable our lives while we silently agree to give up some of our privacy when it comes to information. 

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All about RAM | Definition, Uses, Importance,Types of RAM?

RAM

Contents:

1. What is RAM?
2. What are the types of RAM?
3. When was RAM invented?
4. What are the important types of RAM?
5. What is RAM used for?
6. What items are stored in RAM?
7. Why is RAM so Important?
8. Pros and Cons of RAM?

What is RAM?

    In simpler words, RAM is the same how we can access any type of information in Google without affecting previously accessed information, in the same way in RAM you can randomly access your computer’s memory without affecting the previous bytes.

    RAM is the most important component in any hardware for Computers to even Gaming devices. Just as how food is important for humans to consume every day to be stronger and not lethargic, RAM is the same for these devices, because not having enough of it would make your system or application run slower.

• RAM stands for Random Access Memory

What are the types of RAM?

There are mainly two types of RAM are available in the markets:

1. SRAM(Static RAM) and,
2. DRAM(Dynamic RAM).

The most commonly used RAM in today’s devices is SDRAM (commonly known as synchronous dynamic random access memory).

1. Static RAM: SRAM (Static RAM) consists of circuits that retain the information until the time the power is applying. So, as there is no power, and your information is not retaining on your CPU. This form of RAM requires big-budget but on the other hand, is faster and requires less power than DRAM. These memories are used to build Cache Memory (faster memory). They are used in CPU caches, hard drive caches, and digital to analog converters.
2. Dynamic RAM: DRAM is the most common type of RAM used in today's world. You might not even know but you've been using DRAM in your PCs and gaming devices. It is based on a MOS(metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology.

When was RAM invented?

    Did you know that the year when India and Pakistan became independent nations and when Ferrari began its production of sports cars, it was the same year 1947 when the first practical form of RAM (William's Tube) invented?

What are the important types of RAM?

• FPM DRAM: (Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory) It is the original form of Dynamic Memory, which does the waiting for the whole process and gives you speedy access to data in the same row/page. Its maximum rate of transfer to the L2 cache is about 176 Mbps.

FUN FACT: page-mode memory works by removing the need for a row address if the information is being located in any previous rows.

• EDO DRAM: (Extended data-out dynamic random access memory) Conversely to FPM, this type of DRAM starts locating the address of the next bit without waiting for the processing of the first bit. It continues its processes without wasting time on the other bits. The maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately around 265Mbps.

FUN FACT: EDO RAM is 5% faster than Fast Page Mode.

• SDRAM: (Synchronous dynamic random access memory) Synchronous, as the name suggests, synchronizes its clock speed with the CPU's optimization speed. This eventuality gives a raise in the number of instructions given to the processor making it easier for the comparison of bus speed. The maximum rate of transfer to L2 cache is more or less 528 Mbps.

FUN FACT: SDRAM is about five percent faster than EDO RAM and is present in its most common form in PC's today.

• DDR SDRAM: (Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM) is similar to SDRAM except for the fact that it is has a higher frequency, which means it is twice as fast. The maximum rate of transfer to L2 cache is more or less 1,064 Mbps (for DDR SDRAM 133 MHZ). The up-gradation of DDR into DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 represents as generations and is differentiated based on the number of power consumption varying transfer rates.

FUN FACT: The bandwidth of DDR increased several folds from 1GB in DDR to 16GB in DDR4.

• Credit Card Memory/ Flash Drive Memory: You might have come across a USB drive at least once in your life if you are a 20th-century person. Credit Card memory is nothing, but a USB Flash drive, which we use.

FUN FACT: Credit Card USB Memory Sticks are available in capacities from as low as 128Mb to as high as 64Gb.

• VRAM: Video RAM, also known as multiport dynamic random access memory, is used in video games and consoles. Did you know you could access the Video RAM from two different passages(ports)? By having two access ports, the CPU and the graphics can access the RAM at the same time. VRAM is located on the graphics card. VRAM allows developers to store their dApp data off-chain. Hence, using caching in-use data of EOS RAM proves cryptography in the latest version of the file. Another interesting and fun point of VRam is it has the potential to reduce EOS RAM costs.

FUN FACT: VRAM claims to solve the blockchain scalability issue

What is RAM used for?

    In a brief idea, RAM provides quick access to read and write of a storage device. It needs to be imagined as an office file that stores important documents and is accessible when we need to. The datum that we are using now, is in RAM. Hard disk has speed and rotation of its disk of about 4500 to 7200rpm, so faster the speed of rotation, higher is the rate of transfer. But it becomes hotter and hence RAM proves to be a much faster accessible memory.

What items are stored in RAM?

    Random Access Memory is volatile. By being volatile, it means that the computer can store data or any information until the time there is a supply of power. But as soon as the power supply goes off, the entire stored data is erased. When we restart the computer the Operations System and other applications are reloaded into the RAM through some external source.

    Random Access Memory can't store data that stays in the same state for a long time. RAM is a short-term memory that focuses on at-the-moment work, but it can keep only a limited number of data to view at any one time. When random access memory is filled up, then the information can be accessed on the hard drive, since it can store permanent data.

    In a RAM, since the information can be accessed at random, hence, it's access time is much faster, but it consumes a lot of power because it requires power to store data/information. It stores data that needs to be accessed by the CPU or computer later on.

Why is RAM so important?

    RAM is very important. The more RAM your desktop contains, the easier its job becomes, and the computer runs faster. If there is not enough amount of RAM in your computer then it becomes difficult to transfer data and this event eventually damages the computer’s performance. RAM also acts as a helpful memory to the system’s support software.

Pros and Cons of RAM

Pros:

1. Peaceful Operations: RAM does not contain any movable parts and hence, its operation is carried on silently.
2. Power Profitable: RAM uses less power than hard disk drives and hence proves to be power profitable.
3. Speed: It is the fastest storage medium.

Cons:

1. Volatile: Once the power is cut off, then the data is lost and it is no recoverable at any cost unless it has another backup storage.
2. Limited Space: The cost of RAM per bit is high, hence any hardware device like computers, desktops, etc don’t use much of it.

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What is ATM? | Who invented the ATM?

ATM

What is ATM?

      ATM is a short version of the Automated Teller Machine. ATM automatic dispensing teller/ machine used by national banks. Automated Teller Machine is a 24/7 service teller that helps you automate transactions such as withdrawing, depositing, sending, or checking the amount with the cards or account numbers sent to you by the bank or intermediary institutions.

      Automated Teller Machine is an automatic cash machine. It saves time, works with modems. Automated Teller Machines are smart and automated teller machines that offer the same service in banks, most closely, without the need to go to the bank branch.

• ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine

Who invented the ATM?

      The first Automated Teller Machine was invented in 1930 by Ottoman Armenian Luther George Simjian, who was born in Gaziantep in 1905 and completed his education at Yale University. After that, the English John Shepherd-Barron invented the full electronic cash machine (Automated Teller Machine).
     However, since it did not receive much demand in the USA in those years, it was soon removed from use. However, approximately 30 years after its first use, Automated Teller Machines was reproduced in 1967 by the De La Rue company for the Barclays Bank, literally as Automated Teller Machine, and made available once again. 

What are the withdrawal limits of ATMs?

      Although the security of Automated Teller Machines is increased, card theft situations are frequently encountered. However, due to the security problems that came with it, various banks restricted their withdrawal limits. Within these limits, there are criteria such as EFT, deposit, and withdrawal. In particular, the cards issued by banks are used more because they are convenient for withdrawals. Although every bank's Automated Teller Machine daily withdrawal limit is generally $2,000, this limit varies from bank to bank and also from customer to customer. Banks set their customers a daily, weekly, or monthly total withdrawal limit depending on their income.
       Although this withdrawal limit is $ 1500/2000 for some customers, it can be $ 5000 or more for some customers. So here are two factors that prevent our limit. One of these is Automated Teller Machines, its security system, and its level of development, while the other is the customer's income and the amount of money it has. Also, another factor that is effective in this regard is the amount of money in the Automated Teller Machine. In other words, if the customer does not have the amount of money that the customer would like to withdraw, he gives the customer the amount of money that he has. Thus, another factor affecting the money limit that the Automated Teller Machine can give is the amount of money in the Automated Teller Machine.

What are the uses of the ATM?

We use Automated Teller Machines in everyday life and even in every area related to money in our life. As an example, when we run out of cash, we immediately go to an ATM nearest us and withdraw the amount that we have in our account with our card provided by our bank or intermediary company, or withdraw less than it. In the same way, if we make an internet shopping from our card, we can immediately go to the nearest ATM and deposit money in the amount we want, through the card or account number we want. We can make EFT or Money Transfer transactions between accounts via Automated Teller Machines. In short, Automated Teller Machines are the closest and most functional banks to us. 

How ATM Works?

The first automated ATM was put into service in New York in 1939. However, its prevalence has increased only in the last 20-30 years. ATMs have had many names until today. Such as cash point, money machine, bank machine, automatic teller machine.
Automated Teller Machines recognize you, know your limit, operate accordingly, in other words, it is a secure system. That's why ATM is really hard to do.

1. First, he recognizes the card, 
2. Understands that it belongs to you, 
3. Then finds your account information, 
4. Then take the action you want. 
5. Finally, it does all this by protecting the money it contains. It checks your information first. The black band inside is a plus and minus loaded mini magnet and has a 2-digit code on it. The first confirms the authenticity of the card, and the other compares the account number and password. When all information is approved, it receives the necessary instructions from the bank system and provides access to the safe on the machine. The trays inside the case contain thousands of banknotes, one on each tray.

One of the trays is empty for deposits. If the money you deposit is in an envelope, it falls into a box and waits for the official's count. However, this system is a thing of the past. Today, cash is deposited in most ATMs without envelopes. One of the advantages of this type of system is that ATMs are ready to give money with the deposited money while giving money. In this case, he will also fill himself with the deposited money. As each banknote passes through the sensors, it calculates the ink thickness and paper thickness and examines if there is a problem. In any case, if there are problems, the sensors catch and return the money.

        At the end of all transactions, the pc hosting the program running the system saves the transactions and returns your card. In terms of security, Automated Teller Machines are resistant to 22 tons of external forces. Even if thieves reach the money inside, the protective ink inside bursts, making the coins unusable. Thus, Automated Teller Machines are widely used today for security reasons.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of ATM?

As the advantages of ATMs for us;  

1. Automated Teller Machines are abundant throughout the city, so we do not have to go to the bank center for the simplest operation. 
2. At the same time, we have easy access because there is an ATM all over the city. 
3. In ATM, we do not have to wait in line like in bank centers. 
4. We can take care of our work individually quickly in ATMs. 

Thus, ATMs occupy an important place in our lives in many aspects such as speed, availability, and transportation.

But if we look at the disadvantages of ATMs;

1. We cannot communicate with an ATM at the bank center as we talked to the person in charge, and this causes some problems. 
2. If we look at it from another direction, it will swallow our ATM card in order to forget our password and enter it incorrectly. 
3. Sometimes, when we go to the ATM to withdraw money, we do not have the amount of money we want to withdraw, which can put us in trouble. 
4. Another is the problem that the ATM is faulty. In other words, when we go to an ATM near us in order to make money related transactions, the ATM may be defective and we are not allowed to make transactions. 

However, Automated Teller Machines play a big role in our daily life as it is fast in terms of transportation and practical in terms of use.

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