Full-Form of BA | What is the scope of the B.A. Degree?

BA

Contents:

1. What is BA?
2. What are the subjects in B.A.?
3. What is the scope of the B.A. Degree?
4. Is B.A. Degree good or bad?
5. Difference between B.A. Vs B.A. (Hons.)
6. What are the similarities between B.A. and B.A. (Hons.)?
7. Pros and Cons of B.A.

What is B.A?

B.A. stands for Bachelor of Arts. It is an undergraduate course that is pursued by students after completion of class 12th. The course is usually of three years duration; in most of the universities, it is divided into six semesters. 

The program can be pursued as a full-time course or even as part-time, correspondence, or in distance education mode. After completion of the program, a bachelor’s degree is awarded to the student.

• BA stands for Bachelor of Arts

What are the subjects in B.A.?

The subjects in B.A. are: 

• Geography, 
• Economics, 
• Political Science, 
• Philosophy, 
• History, 
• Sociology, 
• Literature, 
• Psychology, 
• Anthropology, 
• Library Science, 
• Archeology, 
•  English Literature, 
• Different types of languages (Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, Assamese, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, etc.) and many more. 

As a part of the B.A. course, normally a candidate needs to study five compulsory subjects along with few elective subjects. These subjects may vary depending on the course selected by candidates.

What is the scope of the B.A. Degree?

     B.A. degree provides a sea of opportunities and scope to the students. It is the basic foundation course that one has to undertake in order to pursue higher education or for applying to any job.

      After attaining the Bachelor’s degree, a candidate can go for studying masters or M.A. course. If a person is interested in teaching, then he/she can take up B.Ed. course after B.A. This makes him/her eligible for teaching in schools up-to class 10th. If a person wants to teach in colleges, then a Master’s program can be taken after completion of B.A. A person interested in doing research can go for Ph.D. programs after that.

The scope of a B.A. Degree for job opportunities in the Government or Private sector is immense.

      One can find jobs in Banking, Finance, Defense (Army, Navy, Airforce), Teaching, Civil Services (UPSC/ State Civil Services), Marketing, etc. In short, B.A. is the basic degree required for any executive government jobs or private jobs.

Is B.A. Degree good or bad?

     B.A. degree can be considered as a stepping stone for a bright future. This degree not only prepares one for the future prospects in terms of knowledge but also is of utmost necessity for shaping one’s future as it provides ample job opportunities. It is a broad-based program with a mix of disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, and skill-based courses. So, definitely, a B.A. degree is the best course if a person chooses his/her subject diligently and knows what are his /her career goals. 

     A person who has taken humanities in class 12th and if the person has an inclination towards humanities or arts, then he/she should never go for any other course other than B.A. This course will enable the candidate to apply for any competitive examinations or to pursue higher studies.

Difference between B.A. Vs B.A. (Hons.)

There is a basic difference between B.A. and B.A. (Hons.). 

In the B.A. course, there is no specialization in any subject, whereas in B.A. (Hons.) a specialization is done in a particular subject. A B.A. (Hons.) course prepares one thoroughly for taking up specialization in the Master's program. This course is basically focused on a particular subject which one takes as a subject of interest. That subject is considered as the core subject and some other subjects are to be studied along with it. The Hons. program enhances one’s ability to acquire advanced skills and develop extensive knowledge required for taking up research in a specific area of humanities or arts. It also develops the necessary skills-set for an advanced professional career. The Hons. course is academically demanding and requires proper attention and thorough studies. In this program, there will be more papers of the Hons. or the specialization subject.

A simple B.A. student without any Hons. will not specialize in any particular subject of his or her choice. Generally, a student needs to take five subjects for any B.A. course. The number of elective and compulsory subjects differs and depends upon the university’s curriculum. In some universities. out of the five subjects, three are elective subjects and two subjects are compulsory. In some universities, there are two elective subjects and three compulsory subjects. For example, out of the following subjects (History, Geography, Political Science, English, Environmental Studies, etc). in a B.A. pass course program, the student need not specialize in any of the mentioned papers. Whereas, if a student is taking Hons. the program, then he or she will be specializing in only one of the above-mentioned Arts subjects like English or Political Science and most of the subjects in the student’s syllabus will be from the different fields or particular sectors of the main subject that he/she has taken honors in. If a person has taken English Honors, then the main papers will be like Classical Literature, Contemporary Literature, Modern Indian Literature, Modern Indian Drama, and a paper in History, Political Science or Geography.

What are the similarities between B.A. and B.A. (Hons.)?

Both B.A. and B.A. honors are undergraduate programs and both awards bachelor degrees on completion of the course. The medium of instruction can be English or Hindi or any other languages like Assamese, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, etc. For taking Masters or M.A. course in the future, B.A. is the qualification required in most cases, whereas in some universities (for research-based programs), specialization or honors are made compulsory. However, in most of the reputed universities, if we want to pursue higher education like Masters or M.A. then specialization or honors in that particular subject are the necessary and essential criteria. The marks in the Honors subject are made as to the qualifying criteria for getting admission in the M.A. program or entrance qualifying tests are conducted for getting admission for higher studies. Moreover, for applying in most jobs like banking, defense, civil services, etc B.A is only essential. But, in some specialized jobs like teaching, subject teacher, subject experts, etc Honors is required and is mentioned in the job details. So, it is always better to take the Honors Program in the B.A. course if one is willing to keep all doors open and get ample of career prospects.

Pros and Cons of B.A.

Pros:

The main benefit of doing B.A. is that one gets an open platform to excel in one’s career after completing the course:

1. A student can pursue higher education or can apply for a lot of government or private jobs depending on one’s interest. Moreover, writing skills also improve significantly if one studies humanities. 
2. Another advantage is that the course fee is much lower in this course compared to many other professional courses. 
3. The number of seats is quite large and so ease of getting admission in the B.A. course is sufficiently satisfying. 
4. Moreover, the accessibility of the course is quite great. Normally, the B.A. course is available even in any local college of rural areas or sub-urban areas where other courses like B.Com or BBA, etc may not be available. 
5. This course prepares an individual to take up responsibilities and focus on one’s area of interest. It also enhances one’s reasoning ability and skill to contribute to society. 
6. A person can categorically decide on his / her strong points and thus shape the future. After becoming a graduate, a person can even become a civil servant and contribute tremendously to the line of administration.

Cons:

1. As there are lots of colleges offering a B.A. course and there is a huge number of students pursuing this course so, the number-of pass out graduates is also large, thus the competition is quite huge in the job market. 
2. Another disadvantage is that the initial salary package is sometimes low compared to that obtained by other professional graduates. 
3. Sometimes, a simple graduate may have to face tougher competition and other challenges which may sometimes require him/her to take other professional courses to get an edge over others.

However, considering both the pros and cons, it is the basic course that shapes the heroes of any society.

What is SEBI | Definition, Functions, Headquarter, Powers, Objectives of SEBI?

SEBI

Contents:

1. Define SEBI?
2. Where is the Headquarter of SEBI?
3. What are the functions of SEBI?
4. Why was SEBI formed?
5. Is the SEBI government body?
6. What are the objectives of SEBI?
7. What the powers of SEBI?
8. What are the differences between SEBI and RBI?

Define SEBI?

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established on April twelve within the year 1992 in conjunction with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act in 1992. The Securities and Exchange Board of Bharat (SEBI) initially was established in 1988 as a non-statutory body for administering the exchange.

It then got regenerate into associate degree autonomous body on twelve April 1992 being given with accorded statutory powers, by the passing of the SEBI Act 1992 by the Indian Parliament. Terribly presently SEBI got planted because the regulator of capital markets in India was beneath a resolution of the govt. of India. 

• SEBI stands for Securities and Exchange Board of India

Where is the Headquarter of SEBI?

Its headquarters is located at the downtown of Bandra Kurla advanced in the metropolis and has Northern, Eastern, Southern, and Western Regional Offices meet in the national capital, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad severally. SEBI additionally has opened native offices at Bangalore, Jaipur Guwahati, Bhubaneshwar, Kochi, Patna and Chandigarh throughout the year. 2013 - 2014. The controller of Capital problems was the administrative unit that came into existence before SEBI. Therefore we will say that SEBI has derived authority from the Capital problems (Control) Act of 1947. 

The SEBI is managed by its members that consist of the following: The chairman is nominative by the Union Government of Bharat. Other 2 members i.e., Officers from the Union Finance Ministry and the member from the banking company of Bharat. The remaining 5 member’s area unit nominative by the Union Government of Bharat, out of them a minimum of 3 shall be whole-time members. Once the modification of the 1999 act, collective investment schemes were brought beneath SEBI except for investments like chittis, Nidhi funds, and cooperatives.

What are the functions of SEBI? 

The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) describes the fundamental functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and to push the event of, and to manage the exchange and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto". SEBI must be attentive to the wants of 3 teams that represent the market, these are Area unit issuers of securities, Market intermediaries, and Investors.

SEBI has chiefly three functions registered into one body:

1. quasi-legislative, 
2. quasi-judicial, and 
3. quasi-executive. 

The varied functions of SEBI are:

• To defend the interests of investors in exchange
• To promote the development of exchange
• To regulate the business available exchanges and the other securities markets
• To register and regulate the operating of stockbrokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, bankers to associate degree issue, trustees of trust deeds, registrars to associate degree issue, merchandiser bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers and such alternative intermediaries UN agency could also be related to securities markets in any manner.
• To register and regulate the operating of the depositories, participants, custodians of securities, foreign institutional investors, credit rating agencies.
• To register and regulate the operating of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes as well as mutual funds.
• To promote and regulate self-regulatory organizations
• To command fallacious and unfair trade practices regarding securities markets
• To promote investors in education and coaching of intermediaries of securities markets.
• To command trading in securities.
• To regulate the substantial acquisition of shares and takeover of corporations and to conduct analysis for economic operating and development of the exchange. It drafts laws in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and social control action in its government to perform and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Although this makes it terribly powerful, there's an associate degree charm method to form answerability. There’s a Securities proceedings judicature that could be a three-member judicature and is presently headed by Justice Tarun Agarwala, a former jurist of the Meghalaya court. A second charm lies on to the Supreme Court. SEBI has taken an awfully proactive role in streamlining revelation needs to international standards. 

Why was SEBI formed? 

With the expansion within the dealings of stock markets, the heap of malpractices additionally started available markets like worth rigging, the unofficial premium on new issues, and delay in delivery of shares, violation of rules, and laws of the securities market and listing needs came about. Due to these malpractices, the shoppers started losing confidence and religion within the securities market. Thus, the government of India determined to line up the center or restrictive body referred to as the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Is the SEBI government body? 

SEBI could be a statutory restrictive body that was established on the twelfth of April, 1992. It monitors and regulates the New Delhi and exchange whereas making certain to safeguard the interests of the investors formulating laws and pointers to be adhered to.

What are the objectives of SEBI? 

The SEBI acts as a scrutinizer for all capital market contributors and its main function is to provide such territory for the financial experts that eventually results in a smooth and streamlined working platform of the securities market.

In order to make this happen, three main participants of the financial market are essential:

1. Issuers of securities: The Issuers of securities are units inside the corporate field that upraise funds from various provenances. The SEBI makes sure that they get a healthy atmosphere for their needs. 
2. Investors: Investors are the ones who keep the market functioning and is also oversee of maintaining an environment that is free from malpractices.
3. Financial Intermediaries: And the Financial Intermediaries are the people who act as mediators between the issuers and investors and also ensure smooth and safe financial transactions. 

Functions of SEBI can be categorized into three functions:

1. Protective Functions: The Protective functions stop inside trading so that there won’t be buying and selling inside the company. The SEBI has trusted lists of companies who can purchase their own shares from secondary markets. The directors, employees, and other head in charges will have the access to highly confidential information that affects the prices and securities, so in order to prevent insider trading the Protective functions plays a key role, also it promotes fair trade practices and prohibits fraudulent and unfair trade practices. SEBI also educates investors by conducting offline and online seminars so that investors get an idea of the financial market and money management. 
2. Developmental Functions: Developmental functions the initiations took to upgrade the security market by the SEBI to upgrade the market security with the help of technological innovations. Introducing internet trading through genuine stockbrokers can help in providing large customer service and also widespread knowledge and acclaim can be gained through this. By introducing the DE mat format our certificates get converted from physical form to electronic form so as to increase their accessibility, also by training the mediators of the securities market the exchange and functions will be smooth and helpful.
3. Regulatory Functions: When we come to Regulatory functions, this is the 3rd and last function, the main function is to establish regulations for financial mediators and corporates to make sure that the market runs successfully and efficiently. The SEBI has framed some guidelines and codes of conduct that are enforced to financial mediators and corporates. These mediators have been placed under the private placement and have been made more restrictive. 

What are the powers of SEBI? 

SEBI has the power to regulate and sanction by-laws of stock exchanges, the book of accounts of recognized stock exchanges and calls for periodical returns are also viewed by the SEBI. Coming to higher functions the books of financial Intermediaries are also handled. When taking the outside functions SEBI forces certain companies to get listed on one or more stock exchanges and to handle registration of the brokers and mediators. 

What are the differences between SEBI and RBI? 

1. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), is a regulatory body while the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the Central Bank of India. 
2. The main functions of RBI are, the custody of foreign reserve, controller of credit and to manage printing and supply of currency notes in the whole country. Both of them play a key role in the Indian economy. While The main function of SEBI is to protect the investors in securities and to promote the development of and to regulate the securities market 
3. RBI is the body responsible for maintaining banknotes all around the country, to keep currency reserves to maintain stability and to keep the credit and currency system working efficiently. SEBI, on the other hand, is an autonomous body to oversee the operations of investment markets in the country. The board then performs the function of a mediator to keep markets more stable and efficient markets.
4. The main motive of the government in setting up the SEBI was to protect the interests of investors in securities and to help in the growth of the securities market and so that it attracts foreign investors. In brief, the RBI is the central bank of India that works as a banker to banks and the government while SEBI is the securities and Exchange Board of India that looks after the health of investment markets. 

These are the differences in the roles and responsibilities of these two organizations. 

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Full-Form of TBH | What is TBH? .What does TBH mean?

TBH: The Acronym Of The Youth In Social Interaction

What is TBH?

    There are ample of internet acronym versions for expressions that we use every day for communication. They are technically called abbreviations used as catchall terms for social interactions. TBH, the number of such abbreviations is not very low.
       There, you must have noticed I have used one already. In case you are wondering, TBH stands for “To Be Honest”. Although they are mostly meant to be used for informal written communication only, to be honest, in the modern dynamic world, these are of utmost importance as they convey the desired expression so much more quickly than stating the whole phrase.

• TBH stands for To Be Honest 

Diving Deep into TBH

       The expression ‘TBH’ is thrown in the word mix to mark the confessional nature of the fact that something upright or candid has just been mentioned or is about to be stated, possibly in the same sentence. Sometimes it is more of a feeling than just expression. Although, the inherent meaning might vary depending on the context on which it is being implemented. For instance, someone may use ‘TBH’ on someone’s appearance sarcastically. It might result in the degradation of a person’s relationship.
       In another case, the same ‘TBH’ may express compliment in case it is concerning to someone’s photo or a post. In some cases, the use of ‘TBH’ might also be considerer as an attention-seeking tool. Sometimes this was seen from a negative point of view where energy seeking people might misapply the term as an instrument for showing obsession and muse. But there is no doubt about the fact that it denotes assertion that someone is telling the truth concerning his/her personal opinion on some topic or situation. Even if the term ‘honest’ is there within the phrase, there is no point in thinking that, the expression will always reveal a true statement about something. In some cases, it has been seen that only to avoid being mean to someone, people often use the term with something positive that follows immediately after.

        Despite, having different meanings, the summary tells us, the term mostly inclines towards expressing something nice overall. A connecting tool that most often plays a role to bring people closer rather than push apart. A social phenomenal trend that binds not only friends but also strangers.

How the TBH trend initiated?

For some people, it might be quite fascinating how this expression came into existence. Going through the history of the phrase ‘To Be Honest’, we find that, it was most popular with text message culture with additional association with Internet Forums and Relay Chats. This was the time during the late 90s or early 2000s. Since then the phrase started to create an impact mostly among the teenage group. During the earlier usage, the expression implied that one might be trying to upset or offend the other person by saying the honest truth about them. But as the exercise increased, the meaning turned from a notion of negative sense towards more like a compliment.
The acronym started booming on social media like Facebook, Instagram, and Tumblr at approximately 2010. It is heard that the trend popularly started in 2011 when someone posted several photos with the abbreviation ‘TBH’ and started to get a significant amount of positive response replied with a #TBH. Sometimes captions like ‘TBH and Rates’ might expose an elevated level of excitement as well. On a similar note, there is a social media prompt namely ‘TBH, Rate and Date’ that is a specially tailored feature that asks for friends’ honest opinion about the interrogator.

The fall of the TBH trend

As all good things come to an end, due to subject to misuse of the expression to vent or bully, the abbreviation lost its fame during around 2017. Since this was most popular with the teen audience and they are much more emotionally vulnerable to the practice of bullying and misbehavior, People found it to become potential harm causing terminology that had the power to cause serious damage to its audience in the future given enough room to grow. It caused the expression to lose its track on Google Trend.
A mini-movement of the rally of the expression suddenly swooped in the downwards direction. Though the potential to be formed a bullying word has hurt the popularity of the word somewhat, the abbreviation had solidified its position in our daily communication, so the usage did not stop and is still very much alive.

Some Similar Internet Acronyms like TBH

There are a plethora of acronyms we can find online that is analogous to the meaning of TBH, one of the most flagged ones is “To Be Heard”. This expression with the same abbreviation sore for sometimes in the online media, but faded away eventually.

Furthermore, some of the others are:

1. To Be Completely Honest - TBCH
2. To Be Totally Honest – TBTH
3. If I’m Honest – IIH
4. MHO – My Honest Opinion
5. TBH – To Be Honest
6. IMAHO – In My Absolutely Honest Opinion

Some aggressive versions of the same connotation are:

1. To Be Brutally Honest – TBBH
2. Let’s Be Honest – LBH
3. JBH – Just Being Honest

These above terms are nothing but stating the same ‘TBH’ with a different structure of words keeping the meaning the same. Since the term has strongly rooted down in our vocabulary, it is quite clear that the abbreviation will continue to be used onwards.

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Full Form of IATA | What is the salary of IATA?

IATA

Introduction

This article tries to unveil more about the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and focuses more on the certification program and the relevance of the same. It answers the questions: 

1. What is IATA
2. What is the work of IATA
3. How is IATA important
4. What is the basic salary after completing an IATA certification program
5. How do I become IATA certified

What is IATA?

      IATA which stands for International Air Transport Association was founded in 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is an international organization connecting and governing 290 airlines found in 120 countries. However, when it started, 19th April 1945 it connected 57 airlines in 31 countries. So in these 75 years, it has made remarkable progress in terms of coverage. IATA has its headquarters in Montreal, Quebec province in Canada. The Director-General cum Chief Executive Officer of the International Air Transport Association is Alexandre de Juniac.

      International Air Transport Association succeeds the International Air Traffic Association formed in 1919 at The Hague in the Netherlands. 

      Apart from managing the airlines, it runs various courses in the tourism industry and international air travel. These are courses recognized globally and which can be added to the curriculum vitae of students. Member airlines of IATA account for 82% of the total seat miles air traffic. 

      Most of the time, it is impossible to mention the International Air Transport Association without mentioning the International Civil Aviation Organization, (ICAO) sometimes they are confused. The truth is that IATA provides input for ICAO which is newer in terms of formation. 

      Like many other organizations, IATA has been affected by the new novel Coronavirus. According to their report at their portal, it has lost 314 Billion US Dollars in 2020 having have canceled 4.5 million flights until 30th June 2020.

• IATA stands for International Air Transport Association

What is the work of IATA?

      It is very essential to understand the work done by IATA. IATA is an organization that focuses on safety, security, communication, learning, and improvement in the air transport industry.

     IATA works to provide airline safety and security. Efforts done by the organization has reduced the number of air accidents. It works against hijack cases like the case of 911 linking plane hijack by Osama Bin Laden. By doing this, it promotes a safe secure and regular air travel.

   IATA ensures that there is communication. It cooperates with other organizations in the air Transport field. As well, it offers an opportunity for international organizations dealing with air travel to collaborate.

     It is important to note that, IATA gives training in tourism and travel. IATA qualified professionals can be employed in travel airlines which are part of IATA. By doing this, it has provided employment, income, and improvement of lives. So it is a very important fact that IATA is part and parcel of the development across the globe.

Why is IATA important?

I will have to clarify the importance of IATA both to industry and to individuals. In the industry, the following are the important benefits of IATA:

1. Fostering safety: IATA governs the safety of airline travelers in the 120 member states. It has put on the ground measures that will bring safety to the planes in order to avoid plane crashes. The industry gets a lot of benefits from the RADAR and aerial monitoring of IATA which produces a great effect as no traveler wants to find himself or herself entangled in a plane crash.
2. Fostering security: We have had cases of plane hijacks and missile attacks on planes. One importance of IATA is to foster security by preventing such occurrences. Measures put on the ground are important to ensure that there is security for the travelers and the crew.
3. Fostering communication: IATA has a special role in fostering communication and cooperation in the field of Air travel. Through connecting air transport agencies, IATA works to ensure that there is mutual understanding for the development of the organizations and the industry at large. One important case is that of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
4. Fostering of air commerce: IATA plays an important function here. IATA studies problems connected with the industry and works to solve them.

IATA has a special role for each and every individual. This is done through training, marketing, and employment. As I mentioned earlier, it is possible to gain education from various educational centers and become certified after which you can be employed at the front line or entry-level operations in travel agencies and airlines under IATA, ICAO, or the Chicago Convention.

In this article, I will clarify the process of IATA certification very well and talk more about the benefits thereafter.

IATA Training Requirements

In order to qualify for an IATA certification program, you need to meet some standard requirements across the globe. You need a bachelor's degree in any course. As well, you need good skills in English reading, writing, speaking, and listening. It is important to note that SAT and ACT scores matter even if it doesn't apply to all institutions. You need to understand your world especially in terms of the geographical makeup. Knowledge of the basic geography of the different continents and oceans is very important in qualification for the IATA certification program.

However, in order to become an IATA consultant, you need to have a diploma in the various diploma courses in IATA. To become eligible for that course you need 2 years of experience in either international travel or tourism industry.

These certification programs cover:

• World Geography
• IATA city codes
• Facilitation management
• Flight Bookings
• PNR creations
• CRS
• Airline ticketing

Top courses offered by IATA:

• Ground operations diploma
• Diploma in aviation security screening
• Foundation course in travel and tourism
• Diploma in travel and tourism
• Advanced cargo rating and marketing course 

Top institutions in India that offer IATA training:

• Christ University
• Akbar Academy
• Aircraft Aviation Training and Management Institute

In India, the course fee ranges from INR 10000 to INR 120 000

What is the basic salary after doing an IATA course?

According to Richard Prabhakar, an aviation expert, the IATA course depends on your area of specialization, 6 to 18 thousand US Dollars for the Airport Management area. 12 to 25 thousand US Dollars for airline management and 14 to 25 thousand dollars for passport office.

How do I become IATA certified?

This is a process that needs more strictness. I compiled it for any individual or organization that wants to be IATA certified.

1. Create a profile. You will create a profile on the customer profile component of the IATA portal at www.iota.org. Data needed for creating an account includes personal information and your email address. You will enter and confirm your password for security and agree with terms and conditions before logging in.
2. Download an application packet. You can find it in the IATA portal.
3. Fill in the form. It will have basic questions. After answering it you will submit it via email or at the portal. If you do by email, use the email address: info@iatan.org 

You will need to pay a fee in US Dollars around $165 to $300

You will receive a notification on your certification. Remember to safeguard your IATA code. It is as important as a national identity card.

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What is CV? | How do you write a CV?

CV

Introduction:

      As the number of graduates has soared exponentially in the last two decades, it has become increasingly crucial for recruiters to make the screening process faster and more efficient. It is now the need of the hour to have concise information regarding the applicant as quickly as possible. 

      To simplify further, let's take an example. Say you want to hire a gardener out of a hundred applicants. It will be a logical idea to sort them out into broad categories like the ones who have previous experience and ones who are new to the trade because you see, it is not wise to let them all have a go at your precious lawn. 

        In the corporate world, nowadays it has become increasingly important to have an insight into the life of the applicant so that the decision regarding hiring can be made as quick and accurately suited to the work that needs to be done. Such insight can be provided by a document popular as a Curriculum Vitae or CV (Latin for the course of life).

What is a CV?

A CV is basically an applicant’s life’s summary, containing their academic and work experience related information. In today’s fast-paced life it is ideal for every graduate to prepare on beforehand during their college days and further keep adding additional; skills as they are acquired by the student.
So as the skills of the student keep increasing, so does the content of the CV, with each new pointer a new aspect of the student’s life story. 

• CV stands for Curriculum Vitae

What is the use of a CV?

Whenever we are required to send a CV to the hiring agency or prospective employer, what they actually need is an insight to build up an interview around. All the questions which are thrown at you in the interview are majorly based around the pointers which you yourself provided in the CV. So as emphasized by the language teachers in your college, including what you really must to prove yourself worthy of the work you so passionately seek. 

How do you write a CV?

Like any professional piece of document, a CV is also prepared along with some basic thumb rules and format. Some basic rules are as follows: 

1. Choose the best format with neat spacing and font, because as we all know, the first impression is the last impression
2. Many pre-set templates will get you going just fine, but always add some personality so that it isn't monotonous to look at
3. Provide clear and concise information; no paragraphs needed, keep it crisp and nice
4. Provide full educational qualifications as well as your achievements in studies and sports
5. Any sort of work experience will always look good, be it working at a cafeteria because, in the end, it will show your ability to work in any environment and role

An additional tip is to always portray yourself as an outgoing person and team player, as companies nowadays look for candidates who can blend in quickly amongst their colleagues. And becoming one won’t hurt that much either, now will it? 

What is important in a CV?

A question may arise in the minds of readers that what is so important in a CV? Is it an educational qualification? Or is it the co-curricular activities? Well, primarily the question that needs solving is what kind of a person you actually are because we all vary in our skill sets. It is thus very important in the CV to show our strengths and other facts which may include our weaknesses too. The three following points need to be considered: 

1. What is the job you seek and is your skillset up to the mark?
2. Whatever you are mentioning, what image will it create?
3. Why should the assessor even take out his time to go through your story of life?

So the basic choice of importance is dependent upon the writer himself. If a top-grade IT graduate applies to get a job in a sports and nutrition establishment, he can be rejected due to a lack of sports and fitness in his life. Similarly, a top-class athlete cannot take up a job at extensive IT projects requiring in-depth knowledge of cyberspace. Choose wisely regarding what you want yourself to be seen as that's the premium moment. 

How many pages should there be in a CV?

The general idea prevalent is that “ A Two Page CV is the best”. However, that depends on the individual. Obviously, a college graduate with limited skill sets will only have limited data to present in his CV. Similarly, someone with a variety of skills cannot be restricted in even five pages( just saying). The concept behind a two-pager is that the task doesn't become monotonous and makes the assessor stop reading. Thus I emphasized keeping it crisp and nice. No paragraphs needed; let your facts prove your worth. 

What is the difference between  Resume and  CV?

A widespread misconception is that a CV And resume are one and the same. But Stop right there, there's more to it:  

1. CV is one’s life story’s summary, then the Resume is the preface. The difference lies in the length too, but it isn't just that simple. 
2. In Resume one can be as concise as possible, giving only the job-related skills which only matter for the job for which one is applying for. If it's an IT job, tell how much you've worked for computers, and if it's an educational job, then tell only about the schools you taught and the results. Just remember one thing, do mention facts and numerical to emphasize your point. On the other hand, in a typical CV one can elaborate more on a single skill set which they would like to show more predominantly. Many companies ask for a resume first before calling up for a CV just because of sheer concise information a single piece of paper provides in terms of numbers and facts. With this, I hope I am able to help you understand everything about the document every corporation calls a CV but is widely regarded by many as one’s kundali, a piece of paper that talks about you before you open your mouth or even meet your employer.

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What is IPS? | What is the Salary of IPS Officer?

IPS

what-is-ips

What is IPS Officer?

Indian Police Service (IPS) honorable and high paying job profile in India. Be an Indian Police Service (IPS) is a dream of many people but difficult to be real. It needs discipline, Courage, Hard Work, Leadership to lead a team, and the ability to take the decision and sensitivity qualities to be IPS.

Anybody want an easy life without any risk. So IPS Job not for he/she. This job is not for frame or money want people

But it's for people who really want to serve the nation. So if you one of them Then this for you; let's see more about it!!

• IPS stands for Indian Police Service

What are the Qualifications of IPS?

After 12th you can not directly apply for the IPS (Indian Police Service) exam so firstly you need a Bachelor 's degree in any field (BA, B.Sc, B.Com, B.Tech) from recognized universities in India. And graduation final year students also can apply for the IPS exam.

IPS exam

IPS have not any special exam of it. Its selection will be made through the Civil service examination (CSE) conduct by the union public service commission (UPSC) which called the thoughts exam of India.

UPSC application process and selection process is common for all the service comes in UPSC

Approximately over eight lakh candidates apply for the IPS exam every year. So, Competition is very tough and you have to get a good rank among all..under 300 ranks to get the post of the IPS officer.

More about UPSC

1. Exam level --- national
2. Organizing body --- union public service commission
3. Exam type --- pen and paper ( offline)
4. Number of services --- 24
5. Number of attempts --- 6 attempt
6. Number of vacancies --- 800
7. Expected registration -- approximately 8 lakh

Further information

After you apply for UPSC you have to give preliminary examination and main examination and after the exam candidate has to give an interview or personality test .after you clear all 3 then you will send for training to be IPS. This selection process will begin in the month of June with preliminary and conclude in April and the merit list of the CSE will be released in May.

IPS syllabus

The IPS syllabus is divided into two sections:

1. Preliminary examination ( objective type)
2. Main examination ( written)

Who conducts for Prelims of IPS?

It's a known civil service aptitude test in the UPSC language.

IPS syllabus for Prelims

Syllabus of paper 1( general studies -1)

• Current events of national and international

Importance.

• History of India and the Indian National

Movement.

• Indian and world geography - physical, social, Economic, the geography of India, and the world too.

*Indian polity from panchayat Raj to big post.
* Economic and social development.
*General issues on environmental ecology, biological diversity, and climate change.

Syllabus for paper 2 ( general studies- 2)

1. Comprehension
2. Communication and interpersonal skills
3. Logical reasoning and analytical ability
4. Decision - making problem - solving
5. General mental ability.

Paper A - modern Indian languages - 300 marks.

1. In that paper following topic comes
2. Comprehension of given passages.
3. Precise writing
4. Usage and vocabulary
5. Short Essay
6. Translation from English to the Indian language and vice-versa.

In the last topic, they give a chance to choose candidate their appropriate language as like Marathi, Gujarati, Nepali, Santali, etc

Paper B English 300 marks
This paper is made to test the candidate's ability to read & understand discursive prose clearly and correctly in English

1. The topic was following in the paper
2. Comprehension of given passages
3. Precise writing
4. Usage and vocabulary
5. Short essay

This all total marks:- 1750

 IPS syllabus for Main Exam

In exam have to choose the optional subject and have to write about them:-

Botany	Geology	Zoology
Chemistry	Civil   engineering	Vatinery
Physics	Electric   engineering	Science
Psychology	Agriculture	Economics
Sociology	Anthropology	History
Medical science	Mechanical   engineering	Management
Law	Statistics	Commerce & Accountant

After the mentality test, you have to give 45 minutes interview for the personality test which is a well-known UPSC related officer panel take your personality test as asking questions. After it, you also have to pass in physical eligibility of the Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Medical test after the IPS exam.

After clear the exam, he/she will be subjected to a medical examination as per the rules by UPSC

Physical standards for IPS	Male	Female
Height	165 cm	150 cm
Chest girth fully expanded	84 cm	79 cm
Expansion	5 cm	5 cm

Heights & chest girth for general category

Age limit

As under UPSC umbrella applying candidate must be 21 years old and not more than

32 years for once it's expanded to 3 years let's see as in table

Categories	Years exapanded
Obc	35 years
Sc/st	37 years

 Salary of IPS officer

The basic salary of an IPS (Indian Police Service) officer starts at Rs. 56,100(TA, DA, and HRA are extra) per month and can go on to reach Rs. 2,25,000 for a DGP.

What is the salary of IPS Officer?

It's not required to everyone be IPS officer but they can also have a duty as DGP, DGP in CBI, CISF, BSF, NIA, RAW, TBP, SSB, NSG, etc.

Sometimes the IPS officer may also get duty to the security of VIP person and control terrorism etc.

What is the difference between IAS and IPS?

Some people have understood IAS and IPS the same but they are different as:

• IPS (Indian Police Service) has the responsibility of his department, but 
• An Indian Administrative Service (IAS)has the responsibility of all departments of the district.

This is all information you need to be an IPS after 12th, I hope you got it and it will help you to get your goals.

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What is ATM? | Who invented the ATM?

ATM

What is ATM?

      ATM is a short version of the Automated Teller Machine. ATM automatic dispensing teller/ machine used by national banks. Automated Teller Machine is a 24/7 service teller that helps you automate transactions such as withdrawing, depositing, sending, or checking the amount with the cards or account numbers sent to you by the bank or intermediary institutions.

      Automated Teller Machine is an automatic cash machine. It saves time, works with modems. Automated Teller Machines are smart and automated teller machines that offer the same service in banks, most closely, without the need to go to the bank branch.

• ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine

Who invented the ATM?

      The first Automated Teller Machine was invented in 1930 by Ottoman Armenian Luther George Simjian, who was born in Gaziantep in 1905 and completed his education at Yale University. After that, the English John Shepherd-Barron invented the full electronic cash machine (Automated Teller Machine).
     However, since it did not receive much demand in the USA in those years, it was soon removed from use. However, approximately 30 years after its first use, Automated Teller Machines was reproduced in 1967 by the De La Rue company for the Barclays Bank, literally as Automated Teller Machine, and made available once again. 

What are the withdrawal limits of ATMs?

      Although the security of Automated Teller Machines is increased, card theft situations are frequently encountered. However, due to the security problems that came with it, various banks restricted their withdrawal limits. Within these limits, there are criteria such as EFT, deposit, and withdrawal. In particular, the cards issued by banks are used more because they are convenient for withdrawals. Although every bank's Automated Teller Machine daily withdrawal limit is generally $2,000, this limit varies from bank to bank and also from customer to customer. Banks set their customers a daily, weekly, or monthly total withdrawal limit depending on their income.
       Although this withdrawal limit is $ 1500/2000 for some customers, it can be $ 5000 or more for some customers. So here are two factors that prevent our limit. One of these is Automated Teller Machines, its security system, and its level of development, while the other is the customer's income and the amount of money it has. Also, another factor that is effective in this regard is the amount of money in the Automated Teller Machine. In other words, if the customer does not have the amount of money that the customer would like to withdraw, he gives the customer the amount of money that he has. Thus, another factor affecting the money limit that the Automated Teller Machine can give is the amount of money in the Automated Teller Machine.

What are the uses of the ATM?

We use Automated Teller Machines in everyday life and even in every area related to money in our life. As an example, when we run out of cash, we immediately go to an ATM nearest us and withdraw the amount that we have in our account with our card provided by our bank or intermediary company, or withdraw less than it. In the same way, if we make an internet shopping from our card, we can immediately go to the nearest ATM and deposit money in the amount we want, through the card or account number we want. We can make EFT or Money Transfer transactions between accounts via Automated Teller Machines. In short, Automated Teller Machines are the closest and most functional banks to us. 

How ATM Works?

The first automated ATM was put into service in New York in 1939. However, its prevalence has increased only in the last 20-30 years. ATMs have had many names until today. Such as cash point, money machine, bank machine, automatic teller machine.
Automated Teller Machines recognize you, know your limit, operate accordingly, in other words, it is a secure system. That's why ATM is really hard to do.

1. First, he recognizes the card, 
2. Understands that it belongs to you, 
3. Then finds your account information, 
4. Then take the action you want. 
5. Finally, it does all this by protecting the money it contains. It checks your information first. The black band inside is a plus and minus loaded mini magnet and has a 2-digit code on it. The first confirms the authenticity of the card, and the other compares the account number and password. When all information is approved, it receives the necessary instructions from the bank system and provides access to the safe on the machine. The trays inside the case contain thousands of banknotes, one on each tray.

One of the trays is empty for deposits. If the money you deposit is in an envelope, it falls into a box and waits for the official's count. However, this system is a thing of the past. Today, cash is deposited in most ATMs without envelopes. One of the advantages of this type of system is that ATMs are ready to give money with the deposited money while giving money. In this case, he will also fill himself with the deposited money. As each banknote passes through the sensors, it calculates the ink thickness and paper thickness and examines if there is a problem. In any case, if there are problems, the sensors catch and return the money.

        At the end of all transactions, the pc hosting the program running the system saves the transactions and returns your card. In terms of security, Automated Teller Machines are resistant to 22 tons of external forces. Even if thieves reach the money inside, the protective ink inside bursts, making the coins unusable. Thus, Automated Teller Machines are widely used today for security reasons.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of ATM?

As the advantages of ATMs for us;  

1. Automated Teller Machines are abundant throughout the city, so we do not have to go to the bank center for the simplest operation. 
2. At the same time, we have easy access because there is an ATM all over the city. 
3. In ATM, we do not have to wait in line like in bank centers. 
4. We can take care of our work individually quickly in ATMs. 

Thus, ATMs occupy an important place in our lives in many aspects such as speed, availability, and transportation.

But if we look at the disadvantages of ATMs;

1. We cannot communicate with an ATM at the bank center as we talked to the person in charge, and this causes some problems. 
2. If we look at it from another direction, it will swallow our ATM card in order to forget our password and enter it incorrectly. 
3. Sometimes, when we go to the ATM to withdraw money, we do not have the amount of money we want to withdraw, which can put us in trouble. 
4. Another is the problem that the ATM is faulty. In other words, when we go to an ATM near us in order to make money related transactions, the ATM may be defective and we are not allowed to make transactions. 

However, Automated Teller Machines play a big role in our daily life as it is fast in terms of transportation and practical in terms of use.

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What is ROFL? | Why ROFL is used?

What is ROFL?

To start off, let’s find out how and when the acronym ROFL originated and made its way to being a widely used tool in communicating. 

According to huffpost.com, ROFL and its variants, as well as ROTFL (the “T” is for “the”) and ROTF (which does away with “laughing” altogether), originate to a minimum of 1989, when it was apparently initially utilized in a post on Usenet, associate early net message board, during a cluster discussing amateur radio. And to this day, it has been used very often on various unique social media and other platforms.

So, what exactly is ROFL? Basically, it is an internet acronym for “Rolling On The Floor Laughing”, which expresses amusement from a certain topic that is being discussed in a conversation. It is usually used in text conversations as it is an internet thing that has adapted to culture in conversation within the internet and in real-life use as well. Moreover, it is used to express a virtual laugh that is more than simply LOL(laughing out loud).

• ROFL stands for Rolling On The Floor Laughing

Why ROFL is used?

As internet users have constructed easier ways to do things, they applied it in communication. ROFL is used in text communication because it is shorter and is more efficient than to have to say the whole statement which is “rolling on the floor laughing”. And considering that it is a texting/internet acronym, it is consequently used because of internet trends as well as being a part of the culture of urban modern communication through the internet and texting. For some people, it may seem a lazy choice to a particular conversation, but using these acronyms are actually part of the modern-day culture and preference mostly by the later generations, which we call the millennials and generation z.

How to use ROFL?

How does 1 use ROFL? Well, it’s actually quite easy! People often use ROFL in friendly, casual, and non-formal conversations. For example:

Person 1: How did Yoda get his first lead?

Person 2: How?

Person 1: He used the SalesForce.

Person 2: ROFL!

On account, ROFL is not to be used in formal and professional circumstances in the discourse on the internet.

Is it rude to say FYI?

FYI means “for your information" and is sometimes taken as a passive and aggressive phrase when it comes to communicating. But, this is not completely and totally true, because it is dependent on the context and the attitude of the person. In some cases, it can be useful for referencing information. Some ways to prevent this phrase to come out as offensive is to be careful when it comes to utilizing something as such a phrase that requires a clear expression of one's intention is to know when to use it and when to avoid the use of the phrase. The topic can also be a factor, so in circumstances such as writing emails, serious and polite conversations on the internet, the use of this acronym should be prevented at all costs. Lastly, never use it in a condescending manner in verbal arguments as it can sound cold and abrupt.

What is B.Tech? | What is the Scope of a B.Tech degree?

B.Tech

What is B.Tech?

B. Tech is an undergraduate academic degree also known as Bachelor of Technology. It is the most demanding and popular courses after completing 10+2 by science stream students. 

According to Wikipedia

A Bachelor of Technology is an undergraduate academic degree which can get after completion of a 3-year, a 4-year, or even a 5-year (such as in Nigeria) program of studies at an accredited university or accredited university-level institution. 

For the B.Tech course Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics are the compulsory subjects or you can say it as PCM also. Some students also join diploma courses after class 10 or 10+2 can also take admission in a technical degree like Bachelor of Technology. 

• B.Tech stands for Bachelor of Technology 

B.Tech Entrance Exam Pattern?

In India, for taking admissions into B.Tech first you have to qualify the entrance exam. The engineering entrance exam takes place at the national level, state level, and institute level. Every year a large number of students approx 11 lakh give engineering entrance exams. Candidates must have PCM as their main subjects with at least 60% in 10+2. 

IIT(Indian Institutes of Technology) and NIT(National Institute of Technology) are the top institutions for B.Tech. In India 23 IIT and 31 NIT are situated across the country. 

In India the top 5 engineering entrance exams are-

1. JEE Main
2. JEE Advanced
3. VITEEE (VIT Engineering Entrance Examination)
4. BITSAT (Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Tests EAMCET)
5. WBJEE (West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination)

• JEE Main: In India students who are willing to take admissions to IITs, NITs, and other top engineering colleges have to give JEE Main exams.
• JEE Advanced: Students who are seeking to take admissions to premier technology schools and engineering colleges i.e. IIT will give JEE Advanced screening test.
• VITEEE: VITEEE is a specific engineering entrance exam conducted by the Vellore Institute of Technology. Students will take admissions at VIT, Vellore, and VIT Chennai.
• BITSAT: Conducted by Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani for the students who are seeking to take admissions at BITS Pilani. BITS Pilani is the most popular entrance exam in India. Its campuses are in Goa and Hyderabad
• WBJEE: Conducted by the West Bengal Joint Entrance Examinations Board WBJEE is a state-level entrance exam.

What are the subjects in B.Tech?

B.Tech is a professional engineering program of 4 years which mainly focuses on theory and practical skill-based training of engineering students. In India, internship and industrial visits are compulsory for B.Tech students. The duration of courses varies from country to country. 

For every B.Tech specialization, the course curriculum is different. Some of the B.Tech courses that are most popular in India are-

1. Computer Science & Engineering: Aerospace Engineering
2. Information Technology: Aeronautical Engineering
3. Mechanical Engineering: Petroleum Engineering
4. Electrical Engineering: Robotics Engineering
5. Civil Engineering: Biotechnology Engineering
6. Electronics & Communication Engineering: Mining Engineering
7. Industrial Engineering: Textile Engineering
8. Chemical Engineering: Transportation Engineering

Different organizations have different fee structures for different courses.

Every B.Tech institute has a different course and every course have a different fee structure.

Approx. fees of the B.Tech course are Rs.1,411,000 but it varies according to the courses and institute.

What is the Scope of a B.Tech degree?

What are the scopes after B.Tech degree is the questions that arise in everyone's minds who are doing B.Tech or going to do B.Tech:

• If you are interested in the higher study then you can go for M.Tech or MBA. For particularly specialized in one area M.Tech i.e. Master of Technology is the advancement in this field. After M.Tech you can also choose the teaching field and become a professor.
• You can also do a job along with your higher studies i.e. distance learning program. The distance learning program will help you to seek good positions in an organization and will add value to your academic qualifications.
• In India, many governments and a private company, small or big organizations recruit a large number of B.Tech students every year.

Top recruiters in India are-

• Accenture Services
• TCS
• Infosys Technologies
• Cognizant
• SAIL
• BHEL
• Tata Motors
• HCL
• IBM Global Services
• Microsoft
• Apple
• Google
• Larson & Turbo(L&T)
• Honeywell
• Samsung
• Qualcomm
• JP Morgan
• Intel
• Hindustan Unilever Ltd
• Amazon
• Flipkart
• Myntra
• ICICI
• Siemens
• ISRO

In India starting salary of Rs. 20,000-Rs. 30,000per month for engineering graduates. But salary is beyond expectations once you gain experience. The salary completely depends on experience. Once you gain experience salary will be 6 lacs to 10+ lacs per annum depending on your organization. There are also high demands for B.Tech students abroad with a good salary package. 

Is B.Tech degree good or bad?

It depends, If you have an interest in technology and ready to learn the new technology then it is good for you to do B.Tech.
And it is bad for you if you don’t have an interest and you are doing B.Tech only for a degree. If you don’t have any skills and you are doing B.Tech for only a degree then it is a total waste of time and money.

Difference between B.Tech or B.Tech (Hons)?

• B.Tech Degree: Bachelor of degree or B.Tech is a 4-year undergraduate degree with 8 semesters. The length of each semester is around 6 months. The course is mainly based on theory and practical. Practical is the most primary part of the course.
• B.Tech (Hons): B.Tech (Hons) is also a 4-year undergraduate degree with 8 semesters. The length of each semester is around 6 months. The course is a little bit different from B.Tech. In the final year, the candidates can choose a particular subject of their choice to study each aspect of the subject in full depth.

What are the Pros and Cons of B.Tech?

In this world, everything has its cons and pros. In the same way, B.Tech also has its pros and cons. Let’s discuss the Pros of B.Tech –
Pros:

1. A greater understanding of the technology – If you have interested and you are curious to know about the new technology then B.Tech is the best option for you.
2. Helps to earn more money - If your base is solid in any particular area then it means that you are in the right way to start on a good salary and receiving a raise.
3. Always in demand - As you know that B.Tech have lots of option. It is always in demand. The only things that you have to improve your skills according to time and technology.
4. Lots of career options – B.Tech have lots of career option. B.Tech allows you to take your career in a no. of a different way.
5. It expends the knowledge – This course expends your pool of knowledge. Students have to complete a new learning challenge to complete this course.

Now let's discuss the Cons B.Tech
Cons:

1. It takes too much time – Any other course like BSC, BA, etc. takes 3 years whereas B.Tech required 4 years. It means you have to spend your 4 years to complete this course.
2. High fee structure – Most of the B.Tech courses has high fees structure which is very difficult for some lower-middle-class family to pay.
3. Touch – B.Tech student needs to be good in science and maths.
4. Lots of stress – Now a day, this course has highly demanded. Most of the students may end up being stressed over the work balance.

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All about NaVIC | Require, Launched, GPS vs NaVIC?

NaVIC

Contents:

1. What is NaVIC Satellite?
2. What is the Full Form of NaVIC?
3. What is NaVIC?
4. How many Satellites were launched?
5. Why is NaVIC required in India?
6. Which is better NaVIC or GPS?
7. Pros and Cons of NaVIC?

What is NaVIC Satellite?

During the time of the Kargil War, India was going through a challenging time as Pakistan was purposedly causing lots of trouble to irritate our soldiers. So, the Indian government decided to teach a good lesson to Pakistan and sought help from the United States regarding its navigational technology, GPS (Global Positioning System).

But to India’s surprise, the USA straightforward denied this request favoring Pakistan. That was when India’s space organization, ISRO, decided that it will develop its own navigational system so that it can be used at times of emergency. And this was how the concept of NaVIC was born.

IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), more popularly known as NaVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), is an India owned navigation system project. The idea of NaVIC first became operational on 1 July 2013 with the launch of IRNSS-1A.

A total of nine satellites were launched under this program. However, two of them failed due to technical errors, resulting in seven satellites orbiting our Earth and providing navigational data directly to ISRO. There is an ongoing plan by ISRO to increase the number of satellites to 11, and the organization is currently working on this project.

What is the Full Form of NaVIC?

NaVIC stands for Navigation with Indian Constellation

What is NaVIC?

NaVIC is a regional navigation system of Indian origin, a local version of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) covering India and an entire range of 1500 Kms around it, including China, Pakistan, and a significant part of the Indian Ocean. It provides real-time positioning and timing for all the areas it is functional in. It’s a constellation of a total of seven satellites which are fully operational in space from 2018 and is being developed since then. It’s an operational name for IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System). 

1. The NaVIC boasts an accuracy of better than 10 meters on the ground and around 20 meters in the Indian Ocean, which is way better than GPS. The reason for this is that GPS uses a single band frequency on its satellites. Due to this, the accuracy of GPS varies a lot according to the change in weather conditions.
2. So, the experts at GPS signal centers always keep working to provide accurate data by adjusting the measurements keeping in mind the current weather conditions. In contrast, NaVIC uses a dual-band frequency (S & L Bands) for its navigational data, and so doesn’t gets affected by different weather conditions. Hence, the latter is better in terms of accuracy. In addition to this, these satellites revolve in a higher orbit than GPS, i.e., approximately 36,000 km above Earth’s surface.

Also, this navigation system has a data broadcasting feature through which automated signals and warnings could be easily broadcasted to the receivers using the NaVIC program. This is very helpful for Coast Guard personnel and local sailors so that they can be informed of any natural calamities or enemies present at a specific spot in the ocean. This will also help in preparing beforehand for any disaster we are about to encounter.

How many Satellites were launched?

Initially, nine launches were planned and executed, ranging from satellite IRNSS-1A to IRNSS-1I, but IRNSS-1A failed partially due to the atomic clock failure. IRNSS-1H was then launched to replace IRNSS-1A, but its launch failed, and it could not reach the desired orbit. So ISRO launched IRNSS-1I, which replaced IRNSS-1A successfully. Thus, the total adds up to seven satellites in which four are in Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO). The remaining three are in Geostationary Orbit (GEO).

The reason for using Geostationary Orbit is that it takes a lot fewer satellites to provide accurate data from all over the Earth. GPS uses only Geosynchronous Orbit, and it needs 24 satellites in this orbit to offer accurate data. Now, since the Indian system is a regional system, it requires only 4 satellites in the Geosynchronous Orbit.

The unique operational name for IRNSS is derived from the Sanskrit word NaVIC, which means ‘sailor’ or ‘navigator.’ The name was proposed and announced by our PM Mr. Narendra Modi, marking the utility of this navigation system for our sailors and Navy forces.

ISRO is currently set to launch 4 more satellites in orbit, taking the total number to 11. This will profoundly improve the navigation data & accuracy, helping our military to pin-point exact enemy locations to prepare a strategy against them easily.

Why is NaVIC Required in INDIA?

The proposal for a personal navigation system exclusive to India was a long-needed demand. But, when the USA denied the request for GPS access in the Kargil war, it became essential that India should have its own navigational system for times where they would not have to be dependent on anyone else for help.

NaVIC provides a ‘Standard Positioning Service,’ which is for the use of the general public and a ‘restricted service,’ which is only accessible to authorized personnel on special requests. The latter is an encrypted system that has been developed especially for military uses. This will help in calculating the exact locations of the enemy and planning a successful strategy to counter them. If we would have been still dependent on foreign technologies currently, many of the military operations would fail miserably where a need for navigation system is required.

Few Important uses of the NaVIC system include:

1. Terrestrial, Aerial and, Marine Navigation: The satellites will help determine the exact navigation paths for use in terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation. This will be mainly helpful to our armed forces, namely, Army, Air-Force & Navy. This will also provide essential assistance to passenger and cargo carrying and ships and planes circulating in and out of India.
2. Disaster Management: The NaVIC system has a messaging and broadcasting feature embedded on IRNSS-1A, which will significantly help during the time of a natural disaster. During any natural calamity, the weather and space stations would be informed in advance with the help of this system. Since we will have the information beforehand, we can prepare for the upcoming disaster easily before it hits populated areas. A strategy can also be planned by gathering the vital information from the data this technology will provide to us.
3. Vehicle Tracking & Fleet Management: After it becomes fully operational, it will be mandatory for all the commercial vehicles running on the Indian roads to have a NaVIC tracker on their vehicles. Doing this will decrease the illegal smuggling of prohibited goods in and out of India, as all the commercial vehicles could be tracked easily, and their routes would be defined. The rule also covers commercial vehicles in aviation and marine departments. This also helps in managing traffic at extreme times if a shortage of traffic police is felt.
4. Integration with Mobile Phones: ISRO has partnered with Qualcomm TM to produce NaVIC integrated processors and chipsets so that they can be integrated with the latest upcoming smartphones. Qualcomm has produced three chipsets, Snapdragon 720G, 662, and 460 with the support of the NaVIC system. It’s an encouraging step that is going to set a milestone in the Indian mobile market as there will be many smartphones now with the NaVIC, India’s own navigational system.  These Snapdragon processors are best suited for low to mid-range smartphones, so it will be easily accessible to poor and middle-class people of India. Now we will not have to be dependent on GPS for navigating on the roads. Also, the most important thing is that our private data will not fall into foreign hands anymore.
5. Precise Timing: The IRNSS consist of three Rubidium Atomic clocks in each one of the satellites which will significantly help to calculate exact timing, accurate to milliseconds. ISRO has high-end setup machines that will do complex calculations to predict the most precise timings using the help of NaVIC and the IRNSS satellites.
6. Visual & Voice Navigation for Drivers: With the advancement in the navigational system, all the vehicle drivers will have access to visual and voice navigation under this program. This is going to help a lot as drivers will be able to concentrate fully on the roads instead of focus on their navigational devices. Road accidents will be less frequent, and the visual navigation will help in estimating the traffic on the way and plan ahead.
7. Mapping & Geodetic Data Capture: Since NaVIC is a navigation system, it can be used for pointing out the exact coordinate points on the map and making it more precise with the acquired data. The IRNSS is a regional system, and as it covers very less amount of space as compared to GPS or GLONASS, it is more accurate in terms of data. Due to this, maps of India and its neighboring countries can be updated more precisely using the coordinates data and real-time positioning from NaVIC. This is a massive step towards making the Indian defenses and internal security matters more powerful.

Which is Better NaVIC or GPS?

1. GPS (Global Positioning System) is a navigation system developed and under the ownership of the USA. At the same time, NaVIC is India’s own navigation system. Let us discuss the main differences between these two and compare that who’s better than the other.
2. As stated earlier, GPS only uses Geosynchronous Orbit while having 24 satellites in orbit and NaVIC uses both Geosynchronous and Geostationary Orbit with only 7 satellites in orbit. Though the number of satellites is higher in GPS, both provide precisely the same accuracy in terms of data, which makes NaVIC better than GPS in that aspect.
3. GPS only uses one frequency band, making the calculations a bit hard and complicated for the interpreters while NaVIC uses dual-band frequency (L-5 & S bands), making its data independent of the atmospheric conditions.
4. NaVIC’s restricted & encrypted service can provide accuracy up to 1-5 meters which GPS is not able to maintain in any circumstances.
5. GPS is a global navigation system, while NaVIC is a regional navigation system limited to a specific region in and around India.
6. NaVIC is more precise in highly populated and dense urban areas where geolocation accuracy has a poor performance.
7. GPS is supported in almost all media devices nowadays, while NaVIC has a limited reach as of now. The government has plans to extend its scope, but it will still take a reasonable amount of time.
8. GPS is owned and maintained by the US government, and hence we do not have any control over it. Whereas NaVIC is owned and managed by India and can be used in whichever way we want.

Looking at all the above points, we can assume that GPS is somewhat better than NaVIC, but only on a global level. If we come down to a regional or national perspective, NaVIC is far better than GPS as it provides the same accuracy, and we have full control over its data. So, we can agree that NaVIC is better when it comes to regional navigation.

Pros & Cons of NaVIC

NaVIC is by far the best regional navigational system that has enough potential to take down the popularity of GPS by its accuracy and user experience. Scientists from ISRO are trying their best to develop it into a full-fledged navigation system, and they have also prepared the future plans for NaVIC.

Despite these qualities, this program has some of its own drawbacks which will take a considerable amount of time to deal with. Let’s look at some of the pros & cons of the NaVIC system, listing them one by one so that it provides a clear picture of this program.

Pros:

1. NVIC works on dual-band frequency, providing more accurate data, and its data is not hindered by atmospheric conditions.
2. NaVIC’s estimated budget is ₹ 22.6 billion, which is a lot less than what the other navigation systems cost. It’s a cost-effective solution to our navigational problems.
3. NaVIC covers all of India’s neighboring countries, which is a substantial advantage in a war-like situation.
4. The encrypted service, limited to authorized personnel only, has accuracy in the range of 1-5 meters. This makes NaVIC a powerful tool for our defense systems and internal security measures.
5. NaVIC can easily replace GPS throughout the country as it is better and has the same accuracy as the GPS.
6. Extensive usage of NaVIC will result in the safeguarding of our personal navigational data as it will not be influenced by the foreign powers. This can guarantee better privacy protection for ordinary people too.

Cons:

1. NaVIC is still in its development phase and is yet to be widely released. This makes GPS the best available option right now.
2. GPS is the most widely used navigation system in most of the hand-held devices and NaVIC will take some time to reach that level.
3. NaVIC is a regional navigation system and is limited to India and areas surrounding it while GPS is a global system. So, GPS will never be replaced by NaVIC on a worldwide level and once outside the country, you will have to rely on GPS.\
4. NaVIC has an issue with the Rubidium atomic clocks it is using. A total of five atomic clocks have malfunctioned on IRNSS satellites. Since ISRO is in the process of developing its own atomic clock, it could slow down the progress of NaVIC.

If we look at all these aspects of NaVIC, it still stands out as a viable replacement for GPS. In the coming days, we could see it replacing all the GPS systems around the country. All of this depends on the pace of ISRO’s work to improve and innovate NaVIC. So let us all wait and watch the results of this grand project ISRO has developed and is working on.

People also search for GPS, GOOGLE, NOC, BA, SEBI, etc.

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